Use of liquorice (Gan Cao) in TCM
Please note that you should never self-prescribe TCM ingredients. A TCM ingredient is almost never eaten on its own but as part of a formula containing several ingredients that act together. Please consult a professional TCM practitioner, they will be best able to guide you.
Preparation: Remove impurities, wash, soak in water, cut thick slices, dry.
Dosage: 2 - 10g
Main actions according to TCM*: Tonifies the Basal Qi and nourishes the Spleen Qi. Clears Heat and dispels toxicity. Moistens the Lungsexpel phlegm and stop coughing. Relieves spasms and alleviates pain. Harmonizes and moderates the effects of other herbs.
Primary conditions or symptoms for which liquorice may be prescribed by TCM doctors*: Palpitations Coughing Spasmodic pain Abcesses Sore throat Sputum Abdominal pain
Contraindications*: Licorice should not be used when there is Excess Dampness, nausea or vomiting and generally should be used with caution by those who tend to retain water. People with heart conditions or high blood pressure should avoid ingesting large amounts of liquorice as it can increase blood pressure. Prolonged use (6 weeks) of excessive doses (50g/day) can lead to pseudoaldosteronism.
Common TCM formulas in which liquorice (Gan Cao) are used*
Gui Pi Tang
Source date: 1529 AD
Number of ingredients: 12 herbs
Formula key actions: Tonifies and nourish Qi and Blood. Tonifies Heart and Spleen.
Conditions targeted*: Nervous exhaustionMyasthenia gravis and others
Gan Cao is a king ingredient in Gui Pi Tang. Like the name indicates, it means it has more power than other ingredients in the formula.
In Gui Pi Tang, Gan Cao tonifies the Spleen and augments the Qi.
Together with the 3 other key herbs in this formula it has a strong tonifying effect on the Spleen, which enables it to generate Blood.
Shen Ling Bai Zhu San
Source date: 1107 AD
Number of ingredients: 10 herbs
Formula key actions: Augments the Qi. Strengthens the Spleen. Leaches out Dampness. Stops diarrhea.
Conditions targeted*: Chronic gastritisEnteritis and others
Gan Cao is a king ingredient in Shen Ling Bai Zhu San. Like the name indicates, it means it has more power than other ingredients in the formula.
In Shen Ling Bai Zhu San, Gan Cao warms and regulates the Middle Burner
Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang
Source date: 1247
Number of ingredients: 10 herbs
Formula key actions: Tonifies Qi of the Spleen and Stomach (Middle Burner). Raises the Yang. Detoxifies. Lifts what has sunken.
Conditions targeted*: Chronic hepatitisArrhythmia and others
Gan Cao is a deputy ingredient in Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang. This means it helps the king ingredient(s) treat the main pattern or it serves to treat a coexisting pattern.
In Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang, Gan Cao is sweet and warm and tonify the Qi of the Middle Burner.
Bi Yu San
Source date: 1172 AD
Number of ingredients: 3 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears Heat, cools Blood and relieves toxicity. Promotes urination. Eliminates Summer-Heat. Stops convulsions.
Conditions targeted*: Heatstroke and others
Gan Cao is a deputy ingredient in Bi Yu San. This means it helps the king ingredient(s) treat the main pattern or it serves to treat a coexisting pattern.
In Bi Yu San, Gan Cao harmonizes the Middle Burner and has a mild ability to clear Heat and resolve toxicity.
Together with Talc, they not only promotes urination, but also generates Body Fluids, thereby enabling the formula to perform its tasks without injuring the Qi or Body Fluids.
Liu Yi San
Source date: 1172 AD
Number of ingredients: 2 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears Summer-Heat. Drains Dampness. Supplements Qi.
Conditions targeted*: Stomach fluGastroenteritis and others
Gan Cao is a deputy ingredient in Liu Yi San. This means it helps the king ingredient(s) treat the main pattern or it serves to treat a coexisting pattern.
In Liu Yi San, Gan Cao harmonizes the middle and has a mild ability to clear Heat and resolve toxicity. Its combination with Talc (Hua Shi) not only promotes urination, but also generates Fluids, thereby enabling the formula to perform its tasks without injuring the Qi or body Fluids.
Ren Shen Yang Rong Tang
Source date: 1174 AD
Number of ingredients: 14 herbs
Formula key actions: Tonifies Qi and Blood. Nourishes the Heart. Calms the spirit.
Conditions targeted*: AnemiaNonhealing ulcers and others
Gan Cao is a deputy ingredient in Ren Shen Yang Rong Tang. This means it helps the king ingredient(s) treat the main pattern or it serves to treat a coexisting pattern.
In Ren Shen Yang Rong Tang, Gan Cao helps Ginseng tonify the Qi and harmonize all ingredients.
E Jiao Ji Zi Huang Tang
Source date: the Qing dynasty
Number of ingredients: 10 herbs
Formula key actions: Nourishes Yin. Nourishes Blood. Calms the Liver. Extinguishes Wind.
Conditions targeted*: EncephalitisMeningitis and others
Gan Cao is a deputy ingredient in E Jiao Ji Zi Huang Tang. This means it helps the king ingredient(s) treat the main pattern or it serves to treat a coexisting pattern.
In E Jiao Ji Zi Huang Tang, Gan Cao calms the Liver to extinguish Wind. The combination Gan Cao with Bai Shao (White Peony Roots) and is very effective in treating painful spasms.
Ju Yuan Jian
Source date: 1624 AD
Number of ingredients: 5 herbs
Formula key actions: Tonifies Qi and Blood.
Conditions targeted*: Heavy menstruationMetrorrhagia and others
Gan Cao is a deputy ingredient in Ju Yuan Jian. This means it helps the king ingredient(s) treat the main pattern or it serves to treat a coexisting pattern.
In Ju Yuan Jian, Gan Cao is sweet and warm and tonify the Qi of the Middle Burner.
Jia Wei Xiao Yao San
Source date: Ming dynasty
Number of ingredients: 10 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears Liver and Spleen Qi Stagnation. Tonifies Spleen. Clears Deficient Heat. Nourishes the blood.
Conditions targeted*: InfertilityMenorrhagia and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Jia Wei Xiao Yao San. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Jia Wei Xiao Yao San, Gan Cao tonifies the Spleen and, when combined with White peony roots (as is the case here), helps reduce the spasms that are often a symptoms for patients that use this formula.
Xiao Yao San
Source date: 1107 AD
Number of ingredients: 6 herbs
Formula key actions: Harmonizes the function of Liver and Spleen. Relieves Liver Qi stagnation. Nourishes the Blood.
Conditions targeted*: HepatitisCholecystitis and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Xiao Yao San. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Xiao Yao San, Gan Cao tonifies the Spleen and, when combined with White peony roots (as is the case here), helps reduce the spasms that are often a symptoms for patients that use this formula.
Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 6 herbs
Formula key actions: Diuretic, clears Excess fluid and removes edema. Tonifies the Spleen Qi. Calms External Wind.
Conditions targeted*: AscitesEdema and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang, Gan Cao helps tonify the Spleen.
Er Chen Tang
Source date: 1148 AD
Number of ingredients: 5 herbs
Formula key actions: Dries Damp and dispels Phlegm. Regulates Qi and harmonizes the Middle Burner (Stomach and Spleen).
Conditions targeted*: Upper respiratory tract infectionsChronic bronchitis and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Er Chen Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Er Chen Tang, Gan Cao tonifies the Spleen.
Hao Qin Qing Dan Tang
Source date: Qing Dynasty
Number of ingredients: 10 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears Heat and relieves acute conditions of the Gallbladder. Relieves acute Damp-Heat syndromes. Resolves Phlegm. Harmonizes the Stomach.
Conditions targeted*: CholecystitisIcteric hepatitis and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Hao Qin Qing Dan Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Hao Qin Qing Dan Tang, Gan Cao , together with Talc (Hua Shi), Poria-cocos mushroom (Fu Ling) and Natural Indigo (Qing Dai), the other assistants in this formula, drain Damp Heat through the urine to break Stagnation in the Triple Burner.
Xiao Chai Hu Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 7 herbs
Formula key actions: Treats the Lesser Yang Channels (Gallbladder and Triple Warmer). Regulates the Liver and Spleen functions. Addresses combined Yin-Yang symptoms of External and Internal, Excess and Deficiency, and Hot and Cold.
Conditions targeted*: HepatitisChronic cholecystitis and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Xiao Chai Hu Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
Xuan Fu Dai Zhe Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 7 herbs
Formula key actions: Regulates the downward flow of Stomach Qi. Expectorant, treats hiccups.
Conditions targeted*: HiccupsChronic gastritis and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Xuan Fu Dai Zhe Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
Da Qing Long Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 7 herbs
Formula key actions: Promotes sweating. Releases the Exterior. Clears Interior Heat.
Conditions targeted*: Upper respiratory tract infectionsInfluenza and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Da Qing Long Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
Xiong Gui Er Chen Tang
Source date: 1575 AD
Number of ingredients: 7 herbs
Formula key actions: Resolves Damp-Phlegm. Nourishes Blood.
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Xiong Gui Er Chen Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Xiong Gui Er Chen Tang, Gan Cao tonifies the Spleen
Yang Yin Qing Fei Tang
Source date: the 18th century
Number of ingredients: 8 herbs
Formula key actions: Nourishes the Yin. Improves throat. Resolves toxicity. Clears the Lungs.
Conditions targeted*: DiphtheriaTonsillitis and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Yang Yin Qing Fei Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Yang Yin Qing Fei Tang, Gan Cao resolves toxicity, improves the condition of the throat, and harmonizes the actions of the other herbs in the formula.
Ba Zhen Tang
Source date: 1326 AD
Number of ingredients: 10 herbs
Formula key actions: Tonifies and augments Qi. Tonifies and augments Blood.
Conditions targeted*: AnemiaHepatitis and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Ba Zhen Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Ba Zhen Tang, Gan Cao supplies Qi and harmonizes the Middle Burner.
Mai Men Dong Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 6 herbs
Formula key actions: Nourishes the Stomach. Generates Body Fluids. Directs Rebellious Qi downward.
Conditions targeted*: Lung atrophyLaryngitis and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Mai Men Dong Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Mai Men Dong Tang, Gan Cao it has a relatively strong action in tonifying the Stomach. It can also improves the throat issue often encountered by patients who suffer from the patterns solved by this formula.
Di Tan Tang
Source date: 1470 AD
Number of ingredients: 9 herbs
Formula key actions: Removes Phlegm. Opens the sensory orifices. Tonifies Qi.
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Di Tan Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Di Tan Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of the other ingredients and the functions of the Middle Burner. It also counteracts the toxicity of the key and deputy ingredients as well as promoting Qi dispersion throughout the Triple Burner.
Dang Gui Si Ni Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 7 herbs
Formula key actions: Warms the Channels. Disperses Cold. Nourishes the Blood. Unblocks the Blood vessels.
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Dang Gui Si Ni Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Dang Gui Si Ni Tang, Gan Cao supports Qi and strengthens the Spleen. It assists Dong Quai and White peony root in tonifying the Blood. It also helps Cinnamon twigs and Wild ginger in facilitating Qi flow.
Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang
Source date: Essentials from the Golden Cabinet
Number of ingredients: 6 herbs
Formula key actions: Directs rebellious Qi downward. Stops hiccup. Augments Qi. Clears heat.
Conditions targeted*: Morning sicknessIncomplete pyloric obstruction and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang, Gan Cao assists Ren Shen in augmenting the Qi and harmonizes the various actions of the other herbs in the formula
Yin Qiao San
Source date: 1798 AD
Number of ingredients: 10 herbs
Formula key actions: Disperses Wind Heat. Clears Heat. Resolves Toxicity.
Conditions targeted*: Common coldInfluenza and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Yin Qiao San. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Yin Qiao San, Gan Cao creates Body Fluids and alleviates thirst. Also, Liquorice and Platycoden together are very strong in treating sore throat.
Wu Tou Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 6 herbs
Formula key actions: Warms the channels and remove obstruaction. Disperse Cold and Dampness. Warms the joints. Relieve joints pain.
Conditions targeted*: Joint painJoint stiffness and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Wu Tou Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Wu Tou Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of the other herbs, detoxing and eases pain.
Bai Hu Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 4 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears Qi-level Heat. Drains Stomach Fire. Generates fluids. Alleviates thirst.
Conditions targeted*: MeningitisScarlet fever and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Bai Hu Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Bai Hu Tang, Gan Cao benefits the Stomach and protect the Fluids. It also helps prevent the extremely Cold properties of the other ingredients from injuring the Middle Burner.
Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 3 herbs
Formula key actions: Removes Heat and Dryness in the Lower Burner. Removes constipation.
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang, Gan Cao helps the other ingredients regulate and harmonize Stomach Qi by removing obstructions.
Si Ni Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 3 herbs
Formula key actions: Rescues devastated Yang. Warms the Middle Burner. Stops diarrhea.
Conditions targeted*: Acute cardiac insufficiencyCerebrovascular insufficiency and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Si Ni Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Si Ni Tang, Gan Cao augments the Qi, strengthens the Spleen, reduces the toxicity and moderates the drying properties of the other herbs.
Da Fang Feng Tang
Source date: 1107 AD
Number of ingredients: 14 herbs
Formula key actions: Expel Wind Damp. Relieve pain. Tonify the Liver and the Kidneys. Tonify the Blood and Qi.
Conditions targeted*: ArthralgiaCommon cold and others
Gan Cao is an assistant ingredient in Da Fang Feng Tang. This means that it either serves to reinforces the effect of other ingredients or it moderates their toxicity.
In Da Fang Feng Tang, Gan Cao tonifies the Spleen so as to support the generating of the Blood and Qi. It is one of the four ingredients of the formula Si Jun Zi Tang that is commonly used for Qi and Blood tonifying. It also harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
Si Jun Zi Tang
Source date: 1107 AD
Number of ingredients: 4 herbs
Formula key actions: Tonifies Qi. Strengthens the Spleen and Stomach.
Conditions targeted*: Chronic gastritisPeptic ulcers and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Si Jun Zi Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Si Jun Zi Tang, Gan Cao warms and regulates the Middle Burner and moderates the draining property of Poria-cocos mushrooms.
Liu Jun Zi Tang
Source date: 1107
Number of ingredients: 6 herbs
Formula key actions: Tonifies Qi. Strengthens the Spleen and Stomach. Clears Phlegm and mucus. Promotes appetite.
Conditions targeted*: AnorexiaPeptic ulcers and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Liu Jun Zi Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Liu Jun Zi Tang, Gan Cao warms and regulates the Middle Burner and moderates the draining property of Poria-cocos mushrooms.
Chai Hu Shu Gan San
Source date: 1602
Number of ingredients: 7 herbs
Formula key actions: Disperses Stagnant Liver Qi and Blood. Alleviates pain. Harmonizes Blood.
Conditions targeted*: HepatitisChronic gastritis and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Chai Hu Shu Gan San. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Chai Hu Shu Gan San, Gan Cao is used as an envoy to harmonize the various actions of the other herbs.
Tao He Cheng Qi Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 5 herbs
Formula key actions: Dispels Heat and. Eliminates Blood Stagnation.
Conditions targeted*: LeiomyomaRetained placenta and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Tao He Cheng Qi Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Tao He Cheng Qi Tang, Gan Cao protects the Stomach and the Middle Burner by moderating the detrimental effects of the other ingredients in this formula.
Bai He Gu Jin Tang
Source date: 1573 AD
Number of ingredients: 10 herbs
Formula key actions: Nourishes Lung and Kidney Yin. Lubricates the Lung and clears phlegm.
Conditions targeted*: Chronic bronchitisChronic pharyngitis and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Bai He Gu Jin Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Bai He Gu Jin Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of the other herbs and, in combination with Platycodon root (Jie Geng), improves the status of the throat.
Ban Xia Bai Zhu Tian Ma Tang
Source date: 1732 AD
Number of ingredients: 8 herbs
Formula key actions: Dries and dissolves Phlegm. Strengthens the Spleen. Smoothes the Liver and calms Liver Wind (antispasmodic).
Conditions targeted*: Meniere's diseaseHypertension and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Ban Xia Bai Zhu Tian Ma Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Ban Xia Bai Zhu Tian Ma Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of the other herbs and mildly regulates the functions of the Middle-Burner
Ding Chuan Tang
Source date: 1550 AD
Number of ingredients: 9 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears Lung Heat. Expectorant for asthma.
Conditions targeted*: Chronic bronchitisAsthma and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Ding Chuan Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Ding Chuan Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of the other ingredients in the formula.
Gui Zhi Shao Yao Zhi Mu Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 9 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears Heat and inflammations. Unblocks the flow of Yang Qi and promotes movement (in areas with painful obstruction). Clears Wind and Damp. Relieves pain.
Conditions targeted*: Rheumatoid arthritisConnective tissue disorders and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Gui Zhi Shao Yao Zhi Mu Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Gui Zhi Shao Yao Zhi Mu Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of the other herbs and regulates the functions of the Middle Burner.
Juan Bi Tang
Source date: 1178 AD
Number of ingredients: 9 herbs
Formula key actions: Tonifies and harmonizes the Protective and Nutritive Qi. Dispels Wind. Eliminates Dampness.
Conditions targeted*: Periarthritis of the shoulderRheumatoid arthritis and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Juan Bi Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Juan Bi Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the functions of the other herbs.
Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang
Source date: 650 AD
Number of ingredients: 15 herbs
Formula key actions: Anti-rheumatic, clears Wind, Cold and Damp Stagnation. Strengthens the function of the Liver and Kidney. Tonifies Qi and Blood.
Conditions targeted*: Chronic lower back painSciatica and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang, Gan Cao tonifies the middle Qi and harmonizes the actions of the other herbs in the formula.
Ling Gan Wu Wei Jiang Xin Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 5 herbs
Formula key actions: Warms the Lungs. Transforms congested Fluids.
Conditions targeted*: Chronic bronchitisChronic asthma and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Ling Gan Wu Wei Jiang Xin Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Ling Gan Wu Wei Jiang Xin Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the Middle Burner and the actions of the other herbs in the formula.
Ban Xia Xie Xin Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 7 herbs
Formula key actions: Reverses the flow of Rebellious Stomach Qi. Relieves both Heat and Cold Stagnation in the gastrointestinal tract.
Conditions targeted*: Peptic ulcersGastroesophageal reflux disease and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Ban Xia Xie Xin Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Ban Xia Xie Xin Tang, Gan Cao helps the assistant herbs tonify the middle Qi and harmonizes the actions of the other ingredients.
Xiao Qing Long Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 8 herbs
Formula key actions: Releases the Exterior. Transforms Phlegm-Fluids. Warms the Lungs. Directs Rebellious Qi downward.
Conditions targeted*: Upper respiratory tract infectionsBronchitis and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Xiao Qing Long Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Xiao Qing Long Tang, Gan Cao augments the Qi and harmonizes the interaction of the other herbs.
Long Dan Xie Gan Tang
Source date: 1682 AD
Number of ingredients: 10 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears Heat and Fire from the Liver and Gallbladder. Clears and drains Damp-Heat from the Lower Burner.
Conditions targeted*: FurunclesPurulent otitis and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Long Dan Xie Gan Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the Middle Burner and regulate the actions of the other herbs in the formula.
Zuo Gui Yin
Source date: 1624 AD
Number of ingredients: 6 herbs
Formula key actions: Nourishes the Yin. Tonifies the Kidneys.
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Zuo Gui Yin. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Zuo Gui Yin, Gan Cao harmonizes all ingredients.
Ba Zheng San
Source date: 1107 AD
Number of ingredients: 9 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears Heat and Fire. Promotes urination. Unblocks painful urinary dribbling.
Conditions targeted*: GlomerulonephritisCystitis and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Ba Zheng San. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Ba Zheng San, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of all ingredients and relieves the abdominal pain. The combination of Liquorice and talc also assist to ease irritability.
Wan Dai Tang
Source date: 1826 AD
Number of ingredients: 10 herbs
Formula key actions: Tonifies the Middle Burner. Removes Dampness. Stops vaginal discharge. Strengthens the Spleen.
Conditions targeted*: PreeclampsiaOtitis media and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Wan Dai Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Wan Dai Tang, Gan Cao assists the chief herbs in tonifying the Middle Burner and harmonizes the actions of the other ingredients.
Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 4 herbs
Formula key actions: Warms and transforms Phlegm-Fluids. Strengthens the Spleen. Resolves Dampness.
Conditions targeted*: Meniere's diseaseBasilar insufficiency and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang, Gan Cao strengthen the Qi of the Middle Burner. It has a slight
tendency to cause Stagnation, but it can be effectively counteracted by Fu Ling (Poria-cocos mushroom).
Gui Zhi (Cinnamon twigs), when combined with Gan Cao, transforms its sweetness into Yang through its own acrid and moving nature.
Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang
Source date: 1830 AD
Number of ingredients: 11 herbs
Formula key actions: Invigorates the Blood. Dispels blood Stagnation. Spreads the Liver Qi. Unblocks the channels.
Conditions targeted*: Coronary artery diseaseRheumatic valvular heart disease and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang, Gan Cao regulates and harmonizes all ingredients.
Gui Zhi Jia Long Gu Mu Li Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 7 herbs
Formula key actions: Rectifies relationship between Yin and Yang. Harmonizes Heart and Kidney. Stabilizes and secures Essence.
Conditions targeted*: EnuresisUrinary incontinence and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Gui Zhi Jia Long Gu Mu Li Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
Xiao Jian Zhong Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 6 herbs
Formula key actions: Warms and tonifies the Middle Burner (Spleen and Stomach). Tonifies Qi. Relieves spasmodic pain.
Conditions targeted*: Chronic gastritisPeptic ulcers and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Xiao Jian Zhong Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Xiao Jian Zhong Tang, Gan Cao works with the deputy herbs to stop spasmodic abdominal pain. It also harmonizes the functions of the Middle Burner and of the formula in general.
Ping Wei San
Source date: 1051 AD
Number of ingredients: 4 herbs
Formula key actions: Dries Dampness. Improves the Spleen's transportive function. Promotes the movement of Qi. Harmonizes the Stomach.
Conditions targeted*: Peptic ulcersChronic gastritis and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Ping Wei San. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Ping Wei San, Gan Cao tonifies the Spleen and enhances their Spleen-strengthening properties of the formula's other ingredients.
Huo Xiang Zheng Qi San
Source date: 1107 AD
Number of ingredients: 11 herbs
Formula key actions: Releases the Exterior. Transforms Dampness. Regulates Qi. Harmonizes the Middle Burner.
Conditions targeted*: GastroenteritisStomach flu and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Huo Xiang Zheng Qi San. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Huo Xiang Zheng Qi San, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of the other herbs and regulate the Spleen and Stomach.
Si Ni San
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 4 herbs
Formula key actions: Regulates Liver and Spleen. Eliminates Internal Heat.
Conditions targeted*: CholecystitisCholelithiasis and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Si Ni San. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Si Ni San, Gan Cao harmonizes the various actions of the other herbs in the formula and strengthens the Spleen to curb the Liver.
Ling Jiao Gou Teng Tang
Source date: Qing dynasty
Number of ingredients: 10 herbs
Formula key actions: Cools the Liver. Extinguishes Wind. Increases Fluids. Relaxes the sinews.
Conditions targeted*: EncephalitisMeningitis and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Ling Jiao Gou Teng Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Ling Jiao Gou Teng Tang, Gan Cao regulates and harmonizes the actions of the other ingredients.
Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang
Source date: 650 AD
Number of ingredients: 8 herbs
Formula key actions: Directs rebellious Qi downward. Arrests wheezing. Stops coughing. Warms and transforms Phlegm-Cold.
Conditions targeted*: Chronic bronchitisEmphysema and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the Middle Burner (which helps resolve the Phlegm) as well as the actions of the other ingredients.
Ma Huang Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 4 herbs
Formula key actions: Releases exterior cold. Treats wheezing.
Conditions targeted*: InfluenzaRheumatic fever and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Ma Huang Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Ma Huang Tang, Gan Cao balances the actions of the other herbs by harmonizing the diaphoretic effect of Ephedrae, and counterbalancing the slight toxicity of Apricot seed.
Li Zhong Wan
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 4 herbs
Formula key actions: Warms the Middle Burner. Strengthens the Spleen and Stomach.
Conditions targeted*: GastroenteritisPeptic ulcers and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Li Zhong Wan. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Li Zhong Wan, Gan Cao augments the Qi of the Middle Burner and harmonizes the actions of the other herbs in the formula.
Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 4 herbs
Formula key actions: Invigorates Lung Qi. Clears Heat. Calms wheezing by directing rebellious Qi downward.
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of the other ingredients. It also moistens the Lungs and stops coughing.
Dao Chi San
Source date: 1119 AD
Number of ingredients: 4 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears the Heart. Promotes urination.
Conditions targeted*: StomatitisOral thrush and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Dao Chi San. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Dao Chi San, Gan Cao treats painful urinary dribbling, in addition to resolving toxicity and harmonizing the actions of the other herbs in the formula.
Ge Gen Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 7 herbs
Formula key actions: Releases the Exterior and muscle layer. Forms Body Fluids.
Conditions targeted*: Common coldCervical spine disease and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Ge Gen Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Ge Gen Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of the other herbs. Together with White peony root, it treats neck and back stiffness by relieving muscle spasms.
Wu Lin San
Source date: 1107 AD
Number of ingredients: 5 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears heat. Cools the Blood. Promotes urination. Unblocks painful urinary dribbling.
Conditions targeted*: UrethritisCystitis and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Wu Lin San. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Wu Lin San, Gan Cao drains Fire, resolves toxicity, and harmonizes the actions of the other ingredients.
Ge Geng Huang Qin Huang Lian Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 4 herbs
Formula key actions: Releases the Exterior. Drains Heat.
Conditions targeted*: Stomach fluAcute enteritis and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Ge Geng Huang Qin Huang Lian Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Ge Geng Huang Qin Huang Lian Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of the other herbs and protects the Middle Burner from further injury.
Ren Shen Bai Du San
Source date: 1119 AD
Number of ingredients: 12 herbs
Formula key actions: Releases the Exterior. Dispels Wind and Dampness. Augments Qi.
Conditions targeted*: Common coldInfluenza and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Ren Shen Bai Du San. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Ren Shen Bai Du San, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of the other ingredients and assisting Ginseng in tonifying general Qi.
Jing Fang Bai Du San
Source date: 1550 AD
Number of ingredients: 13 herbs
Formula key actions: Releases the Exterior. Dispels Wind and Dampness. Augments Qi.
Conditions targeted*: Common coldInfluenza and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Jing Fang Bai Du San. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Jing Fang Bai Du San, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of the other ingredients and assisting Ginseng in tonifying general Qi.
Sang Ju Yin
Source date: 1798 AD
Number of ingredients: 8 herbs
Formula key actions: Disperses Wind. Stops coughing by invigorating Lung Qi. Clears Heat.
Conditions targeted*: Common coldInfluenza and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Sang Ju Yin. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Sang Ju Yin, Gan Cao helps clear the Heat and harmonizes the actions of the other herbs.
Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang
Source date: 1247 AD
Number of ingredients: 7 herbs
Formula key actions: Expels wind and dampness.
Conditions targeted*: Rheumatic feverUpper respiratory tract infections and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of the other herbs of the formula.
Gui Zhi Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 5 herbs
Formula key actions: Releases pathogens from the muscle layer. Regulates the Nutritive and Protective Qi.
Conditions targeted*: Common coldInfluenza and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Gui Zhi Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Gui Zhi Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of the other ingredients.
Shu Jing Huo Xue Tang
Source date: 1587 AD
Number of ingredients: 16 herbs
Formula key actions: Expels Wind Damp from the Channels. Invigorates Blood. Unblocks the channels.
Conditions targeted*: ArthralgiaBell's palsy and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Shu Jing Huo Xue Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Shu Jing Huo Xue Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of all other herbs.
Wei Ling Tang
Source date: 1481 AD
Number of ingredients: 9 herbs
Formula key actions: Promotes urination. Warms the Yang. Strengthens the Spleen. Drains Dampness. Promotes the movement of Qi. Harmonizes the Stomach.
Conditions targeted*: EdemaGastritis and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Wei Ling Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Wei Ling Tang, Gan Cao tonifies the Spleen and enhances their Spleen-strengthening properties of the formula's other ingredients.
Qing Zao Jiu Fei Tang
Source date: 1658 AD
Number of ingredients: 9 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears dryness. Moistens the Lungs.
Conditions targeted*: InfluenzaAcute bronchitis and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Qing Zao Jiu Fei Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Qing Zao Jiu Fei Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes the actions of the other herbs in the formula. It also tonifies Qi and harmonizes the Middle Burner. It supports the 'mother' (Spleen) in order to benefit the 'child' (Lungs).
Shen Tong Zhu Yu Tang
Source date: 1830
Number of ingredients: 12 herbs
Formula key actions: Invigorates Blood. Unblocks painful obstruction. Relieves pain. Invigorate Qi. Dispels Blood Stagnation. Unblock Channels.
Conditions targeted*: Muscle crampsArthralgia and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Shen Tong Zhu Yu Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Shen Tong Zhu Yu Tang, Gan Cao regulates and harmonizes all ingredients.
Zhen Gan Xi Feng Tang
Source date: 1918 AD
Number of ingredients: 12 herbs
Formula key actions: Sedates the Liver. Axtinguishes Wind. Nourishes the Yin. Anchors the yang.
Conditions targeted*: HypertensionRenal hypertension and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Zhen Gan Xi Feng Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Zhen Gan Xi Feng Tang, Gan Cao regulates and harmonizes the actions of the other ingredients.
Huang Qi Jian Zhong Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 7 herbs
Formula key actions: Warms and tonifies the Middle Burner (Spleen and Stomach). Tonifies Qi. Relieves spasmodic pain.
Conditions targeted*: Gastric ulcerGastralgia and others
Gan Cao is an envoy ingredient in Huang Qi Jian Zhong Tang. This means that it directs the formula towards certain area of the body and/or harmonizes the actions of other ingredients.
In Huang Qi Jian Zhong Tang, Gan Cao works with the deputy herbs to stop spasmodic abdominal pain. It also harmonizes the functions of the Middle Burner and of the formula in general.
Xing Su San
Source date: 1798 AD
Number of ingredients: 11 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears Dry-Cold. Disseminates the Lung Qi and relieves cough. Transforms thin mucus.
Conditions targeted*: Common coldBronchitis and others
Wen Dan Tang
Source date: 1174 AD
Number of ingredients: 8 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears Hot-Phlegm. Clears Gallbladder heat. Regulates Qi. Harmonizes the Stomach.
Conditions targeted*: HypertensionAngina and others
Cang Fu Dao Tan Wan
Source date: 1817 AD
Number of ingredients: 8 herbs
Formula key actions: Resolves Dampness and Phlegm.
In Cang Fu Dao Tan Wan, Gan Cao harmonizes all ingredients
Gua Lou San
Source date: 1826 AD
Number of ingredients: 8 herbs
Formula key actions: Remove breast carbuncle (mastitis) after birth giving.
In Gua Lou San, Gan Cao harmonizes all ingredients
Tuo Li Xiao Du San
Source date: 1548 AD
Number of ingredients: 11 herbs
Formula key actions: Draws out toxicity. Expels pus from the interior. Tonifies Qi and Blood.
In Tuo Li Xiao Du San, Gan Cao harmonizes all other ingredients
Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang
Source date: 1830 AD
Number of ingredients: 12 herbs
Formula key actions: Invigorates Blood. Eliminates Blood Stagnation below the diaphragm. Stops pain. Promotes Qi movement.
Conditions targeted*: AmenorrheaPainful menstruations and others
In Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes all ingredients
Wen Jing Tang
Source date: 220 AD
Number of ingredients: 12 herbs
Formula key actions: Warms the Uterus and vessels. Nourishes Blood. Dispels Cold. Dispels Blood Stagnation.
Conditions targeted*: Dysfunctional uterine bleedingUterine hypoplasia and others
In Wen Jing Tang, Gan Cao tonifies Qi and harmonizes the Spleen and Stomach to strengthen the source of production and transformation so that Yang can produce Yin and the Blood may not be Deficient. It also harmonizes the actions of the various herbs in the formula.
Ba Zhen Yi Mu Tang
Source date: 1624 AD
Number of ingredients: 9 herbs
Formula key actions: Tonifies Qi and Blood. Invigorates the Blood.
Conditions targeted*: Infertility and others
In Ba Zhen Yi Mu Tang, Gan Cao tonifies Qi and harmonizes the Middle Burner.
Dan Zhi Xiao Yao San
Source date: 2002 AD
Number of ingredients: 8 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears Liver Fire from Stagnant Liver Qi.
In Dan Zhi Xiao Yao San, Gan Cao tonifies the Spleen and, when combined with White peony roots, helps reduce the spasms that are often a symptoms for patients that adopt this formula.
Xuan Yu Tong Jing Tang
Source date: 1826 AD
Number of ingredients: 10 herbs
Formula key actions: Pacifies the Liver. Removes Stagnation. Drains Fire. Unblocks the Meridians.
In Xuan Yu Tong Jing Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes all ingredients
Tiao Gan Tang
Source date: 1827 AD
Number of ingredients: 7 herbs
Formula key actions: Nourishes Kidney and Liver Yin.
In Tiao Gan Tang, Gan Cao harmonizes all ingredients
Da Bu Yuan Jian
Source date: 1624 AD
Number of ingredients: 8 herbs
Formula key actions: Tonifies Yin and Blood. Nourishes Qi and Yang.
Conditions targeted*: Uterine prolapse and others
In Da Bu Yuan Jian, Gan Cao harmonizes all ingredients
Da Ying Jian
Source date: 1624 AD
Number of ingredients: 7 herbs
Formula key actions: Tonifies Qi and Blood. Expels Cold.
Wu Yao Tang
Source date: 1336 AD
Number of ingredients: 9 herbs
Formula key actions: Pacifies the Liver. Moves Qi. Stops pain. Nourishes Liver Blood. Eliminates Stagnation.
Conditions targeted*: Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease and others
In Wu Yao Tang, Gan Cao is sweet, cool and relaxing. It serves as envoy to moderate the acrid and warming actions of the other herbs and harmonizes the diverse functions of the various ingredients.
Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang
Source date: 1675 AD
Number of ingredients: 9 herbs
Formula key actions: Tonifies Spleen and Stomach Qi. Removes Dampness. Moves Qi. Alleviates pain.
In Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang, Gan Cao warms and regulates the Middle Burner and moderates the draining property of Poria-cocos mushrooms.
Dang Gui Di Huang Yin
Source date: 1640 AD
Number of ingredients: 7 herbs
Formula key actions: Nourishes Blood. Tonifies Kidney and Liver Yin. Regulates the menstrual cycle.
In Dang Gui Di Huang Yin, Gan Cao harmonizes all ingredients
Shi Quan Da Bu Tang
Source date: 1180 AD
Number of ingredients: 10 herbs
Formula key actions: Warms and tonifies Qi. Warms and tonifies Blood.
Conditions targeted*: AnemiaNervous exhaustion and others
In Shi Quan Da Bu Tang, Gan Cao warms and regulates the Middle Burner and moderates the draining property of Poria-cocos mushrooms.
Bao Yuan Tang
Source date: 1624
Number of ingredients: 4 herbs
Formula key actions: Tonifies the Qi and warms the Yang.
Huang Lian Wen Dan Tang
Source date: 1852 AD
Number of ingredients: 7 herbs
Formula key actions: Clears Hot Phlegm. Clears Gallbladder Heat. Regulates Qi. Harmonizes the Stomach.
Key TCM concepts behind liquorice (Gan Cao)'s properties
In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), liquorice are plants that belong to the 'Tonic herbs for Qi Deficiency' category. Tonic herbs are used for patterns of Deficiency, when one lacks one of the 'Four Treasures' (Qi, Blood, Yin and Yang). Qi tonics are typically sweet and they tend to enter the Spleen and Lungs because these Organs are most involved with the production of Qi.
Furthermore liquorice are plants that are Neutral in nature. This means that liquorice typically don't affect the balance in your body. Balance between Yin and Yang is a key health concept in TCM. Eating too many "Hot" (Yang) ingredients can lead to an imbalance whereby one has a Yang Excess. The inverse is true as well: too many "Cold" (Yin) ingredients can lead to a Yin Excess. The Neutral nature of liquorice means that you don't have to worry about that!
Liquorice also taste Sweet. The so-called 'Five Phases' theory in Chinese Medicine states that the taste of TCM ingredients is a key determinant of their action in the body. Sweet ingredients like liquorice tend to slow down acute reactions and detoxify the body. They also have a tonic effect because they replenish Qi and Blood.
The tastes of ingredients in TCM also determine what Organs and Meridians they target. As such liquorice are thought to target the Spleen, the Stomach, the Heart and the Lung. In TCM the Spleen assists with digestion, Blood coagulation and Fluids metabolism in the body. The Stomach on the other hand is responsible for receiving and ripening ingested food and fluids. It is also tasked with descending the digested elements downwards to the Small Intestine. In addition to regulating Blood flow, the Heart is believed to be the store of the 'Mind' which basically refers to someone's vitality. In addition to performing respiration, the Lungs are thought in TCM to be a key part of the production chain for Qi and the Body Fluids that nourish the body.
Research on liquorice (Gan Cao)
In vivo and clinical studies have reported beneficial effects of both licorice and glycyrrhizin consumption including anti-ulcer, anti-viral, and hepatoprotective responses.1
Flavonoids extracted from Glycyrrhiza uralensis may have a potential antidepressant-like effect for chronic variable stress induced depression2
Sources:
1. Isbrucker RA, Burdock GA. ( 2006). Risk and safety assessment on the consumption of Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza sp.), its extract and powder as a food ingredient, with emphasis on the pharmacology and toxicology of glycyrrhizin. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. , 46(3):167-92. Epub 2006 Aug 1.
2.Z Zhao, W Wang, H Guo, D Zhou. (2008). Antidepressant-like effect of liquiritin from Glycyrrhiza uralensis in chronic variable stress induced depression model rats. Behavioural brain research, Elsevier
Use of liquorice (Gan Cao) as food
Liquorice are also eaten as food. It is used as an ingredient in dishes such as Liquorice creme brulee or Licorice Caramel Candy.