What is stomatitis?

Stomatitis is a broad term referring to inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the soft tissue structures in the mouth. This condition can affect the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth. Stomatitis can manifest in various forms, including redness, swelling, and the development of painful sores or ulcers. The causes of stomatitis are diverse, ranging from viral or bacterial infections to allergic reactions, nutritional deficiencies, or systemic diseases.

Common symptoms include pain, burning sensations, difficulty eating or swallowing, and increased sensitivity to hot or spicy foods. One particular form of stomatitis is aphthous ulcers, also known as canker sores, which are small, shallow lesions that develop on the soft tissues of the mouth. While most cases of stomatitis are benign and self-limiting, persistent or severe cases may require medical attention.

How does TCM view stomatitis?

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) approaches stomatitis through the lens of pattern diagnosis, a fundamental concept that distinguishes it from Western medical approaches. In TCM, stomatitis is seen as a manifestation of underlying imbalances within the body's energy systems, particularly involving the Stomach, Heart, and Spleen.

This holistic view considers not just the localized symptoms in the mouth, but how they relate to overall bodily functions, energy flow, and organ interactions. Identifying the correct pattern is crucial because it guides the entire treatment strategy. For stomatitis, patterns might involve Heat accumulation, Fire blazing, or disharmony between different organs. By addressing these root patterns, TCM aims to restore balance and promote healing more comprehensively than treating the inflammation in isolation.

Root Causes of Stomatitis in TCM

In the TCM paradigm, stomatitis can arise from various patterns of disharmony within the body. One significant pattern associated with stomatitis is Stomach Heat or Fire. This condition manifests not only in mouth inflammation but also in symptoms such as bad breath, thirst, and a preference for cold drinks. TCM practitioners view this pattern as a result of excessive Heat accumulating in the Stomach meridian, which can manifest as inflammation in the mouth due to the Stomach's connection to the oral cavity.

Another important pattern in TCM's understanding of stomatitis is Heart Fire blazing. This pattern is characterized by mouth sores accompanied by restlessness, insomnia, and a red-tipped tongue. TCM sees this as an accumulation of Heat in the Heart meridian, which can affect the mouth through its connection with the tongue. These patterns reflect TCM's nuanced approach to understanding the root causes of stomatitis, emphasizing the interconnectedness of symptoms and their underlying energetic imbalances.

Explore below more details about what might cause Stomatitis according to TCM.

  • By Syndrome
  • By Organ
  • Heat
  • Yin Deficiency
  • Mind Disturbance
Detailed description of the cause

Heat

In TCM "Heat" signifies an excess of Yang energy, leading to an imbalance where heat predominates over the body's cool Yin aspects. This condition is metaphorically akin to an internal over-heating. Symptoms indicative of Heat can include feelings of warmth, fever, sweating, irritability, red face, thirst with a preference for cold drinks, and a rapid pulse. The tongue may appear red with a yellow coating. Unlike the common interpretation of heat in terms of temperature, in TCM, it represents a state of hyperactivity or inflammation in the body.... see more

Heat Patterns That Can Lead to Stomatitis

Common Symptoms: Mouth Ulcers Restlessness Thirst Insomnia Feeling Of Heat Cardiac Burning Sensation Anxiety Tongue Ulcers

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency Mouth ulcers, Afternoon heat sensation, Dry mouth, Preference for sipping, Dry mouth and throat at night, Night sweats, Cardiac burning sensation, Hot palms and soles, Dry stools, Scanty and dark urine, Flushed cheekbones... see more Huang Lian E Jiao Tang | Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan | Qing Hao Bie Jia Tang | Dang Gui Liu Huang Tang | Suan Zao Ren Tang
Full-Heat in the Small Intestine Mouth ulcers, Tongue ulcers, Restlessness, Insomnia, Throat pain, Deafness, Cardiac burning sensation, Abdominal pain, Craving for cold beverages, Scanty and dark urine, Hematuria, Urinary burning... see more Dao Chi San
Heart Fire blazing Mouth ulcers, Tongue ulcers, Palpitations, Thirst, Restlessness, Anxiety, Feeling of heat, Insomnia, Flushed face, Hematuria, Dark urine, Bitter taste in the mouth... see more Liang Ge San | Xie Xin Tang | Zi Xue Dan | Qing Xin Lian Zi Yin
Pericardium Fire Mouth ulcers, Tongue ulcers, Palpitations, Stifling sensation in the chest, Bitter taste in the mouth, Insomnia, Thirst, Cardiac burning sensation, Rapid breath, Restlessness, Anxiety, Feeling of heat, Vivid dreaming, Excessive menstruation... see more Xie Xin Tang | Zi Xue Dan
Stomach Heat or Fire Mouth ulcers, Upper abdominal burning pain, Excessive thirst, Craving for cold beverages, Restlessness, Dry stools, Dry mouth, Acid reflux, Nausea, Vomiting after eating, Excessive hunger, Bad breath, Feeling of heat, Acne... see more Qing Wei San | Xie Huang San | Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang | Fei Er Wan | Hua Ban Tang
Toxic-Heat Mouth ulcers, Fever, Edema, Pus and discharge, Boils, Carbuncles, Pustule, Red skin eruptions, Sore throat, Eczema, Perineum swollen, Prostate swollen, Testicular swelling, Tonsil swelling... see more Bai Hu Tang | Huang Lian Jie Du Tang | Yin Qiao San | Sang Ju Yin | Long Dan Xie Gan Tang | Qing Ying Tang | Xi Jiao Di Huang Tang | Xin Yi Qing Fei Yin | Gan Lu Xiao Du Dan | Shi Wei Bai Du San | San Zhong Kui Jian Tang | Zi Dang Gao | Er Qing Gao | Bing Peng San | Pu Ji Xiao Du Yin | Yin Qiao Jie Du Wan
Toxic-Heat Stagnation Mouth ulcers, Pustule, Carbuncles, Fever, Red skin eruptions, Sore throat, Throat pain, Eczema, Perineum swollen, Prostate swollen, Testicular swelling, Tonsil swelling... see more Huang Lian Jie Du Tang | Xin Yi Qing Fei Yin
Detailed description of the cause

Yin Deficiency

Yin deficiency in TCM is a pattern of disharmony characterized by a depletion of the body's Yin energy, which represents the cooling, moistening, and nurturing aspects of our physiology. This condition often arises from factors like chronic stress, overwork, insufficient rest, or prolonged illness. Symptoms of Yin deficiency can include a sensation of heat, especially in the afternoon or evening, night sweats, insomnia, a dry mouth or throat, and a red tongue with little coating. There might also be a general feeling of restlessness or irritability. Since Yin is essential for balancing the body's active and warm Yang energy, its deficiency leads to a relative excess of Yang, manifesting as heat or dryness symptoms.... see more

Yin Deficiency Patterns That Can Lead to Stomatitis

Common Symptoms: Generalized Fatigue Restless Sleeplessness Dry Stools Mouth Ulcers Irritability Heart Palpitations With Anxiety Poor Concentration Nocturnal Emission

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency Mouth ulcers, Afternoon heat sensation, Dry mouth, Preference for sipping, Dry mouth and throat at night, Night sweats, Cardiac burning sensation, Hot palms and soles, Dry stools, Scanty and dark urine, Flushed cheekbones... see more Huang Lian E Jiao Tang | Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan | Qing Hao Bie Jia Tang | Dang Gui Liu Huang Tang | Suan Zao Ren Tang
Yin and Blood Deficiency Mouth sores, Irritability, Heart palpitations with anxiety, Generalized fatigue, Restless sleeplessness, Poor concentration, Nocturnal emission, Poor memory, Dry stools, Mouth ulcers, Menopausal symptoms... see more Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan
Detailed description of the cause

Mind Disturbance

In TCM "Shen" refers to the mind or spirit, and a Shen disturbance is a pattern of disharmony that affects the mental and emotional state. This concept reflects the TCM belief in the deep interconnectedness of mind and body. Symptoms of Shen disturbance can vary widely but often include anxiety, insomnia, restlessness, confusion, or in severe cases, hallucinations or delirium. These symptoms indicate an imbalance in the body's energies affecting the heart, which in TCM is not only the center of blood circulation but also the seat of the mind and consciousness. The root of Shen disturbance can be traced to various factors, including emotional stress, physical illness, or an imbalance in fundamental substances like Qi, Yin, or Yang.... see more

Mind Disturbance Patterns That Can Lead to Stomatitis

Common Symptoms: Palpitations Thirst Mouth Ulcers Tongue Ulcers Restlessness Anxiety Feeling Of Heat Insomnia

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Heart Fire blazing Mouth ulcers, Tongue ulcers, Palpitations, Thirst, Restlessness, Anxiety, Feeling of heat, Insomnia, Flushed face, Hematuria, Dark urine, Bitter taste in the mouth... see more Liang Ge San | Xie Xin Tang | Zi Xue Dan | Qing Xin Lian Zi Yin
Pericardium Fire Mouth ulcers, Tongue ulcers, Palpitations, Stifling sensation in the chest, Bitter taste in the mouth, Insomnia, Thirst, Cardiac burning sensation, Rapid breath, Restlessness, Anxiety, Feeling of heat, Vivid dreaming, Excessive menstruation... see more Xie Xin Tang | Zi Xue Dan
Detailed description of the cause

Blood Deficiency

Blood Deficiency in TCM is like when your body's tank runs low on the vital energy that blood provides. It's not exactly the same as anemia in modern medicine, which is about having too few red blood cells. Instead, Blood Deficiency in TCM is about your body not having enough of the life-giving qualities that blood brings, like nourishment and moisture. This can make you feel tired, look pale, and even feel dizzy or have blurry vision. It's like a garden not getting enough water to stay lush and vibrant. TCM sees this as an imbalance where the body isn't being nourished as it should be, impacting overall health and well-being.... see more

Blood Deficiency Patterns That Can Lead to Stomatitis

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Yin and Blood Deficiency Mouth sores, Irritability, Heart palpitations with anxiety, Generalized fatigue, Restless sleeplessness, Poor concentration, Nocturnal emission, Poor memory, Dry stools, Mouth ulcers, Menopausal symptoms... see more Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan
Detailed description of the cause

Cold

In TCM "Cold" as a pattern of disharmony refers to a specific type of imbalance within the body's systems, often linked to a deficiency or weakness. It's not about feeling physically cold or having a common cold, but rather a metaphorical description of certain symptoms and underlying conditions. When a TCM practitioner says someone suffers from "Cold," it usually implies that the body's Yang energy, which is warm and active, is insufficient or overpowered by Yin energy, which is cool and passive. Symptoms of Cold in TCM can include a general feeling of coldness, cold limbs, pale complexion, low energy, slow metabolism, and a preference for warmth. ... see more

Cold Patterns That Can Lead to Stomatitis

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Damp-Cold Mouth ulcers, White and watery sputum, Nasal discharge, Sneezing, Chills, Abdominal pain, Cold extremities, Arthralgia, Diarrhea, Feeling of heaviness... see more Wei Ling Tang
Detailed description of the cause

Dampness

"Dampness" in TCM is a concept that describes a pattern of disharmony where the body accumulates excess moisture. Imagine the heavy, sticky feeling you get on a very humid day; that's similar to what dampness feels like internally. It can manifest as a sense of heaviness, bloating, sluggishness, or even a foggy mind. This condition is often thought to arise from environmental factors like living in a damp place, dietary habits that promote moisture in the body, or internal imbalances that hinder the body's ability to process fluids properly. In TCM, dampness can obstruct the normal flow of energy and fluids in the body, leading to various symptoms.... see more

Dampness Patterns That Can Lead to Stomatitis

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Damp-Cold Mouth ulcers, White and watery sputum, Nasal discharge, Sneezing, Chills, Abdominal pain, Cold extremities, Arthralgia, Diarrhea, Feeling of heaviness... see more Wei Ling Tang
Detailed description of the cause

Small Intestine

In TCM the Small Intestine plays a critical role in receiving partially digested food from the Stomach and further separating the clear from the turbid, essentially distinguishing nutrients from waste. This process is vital for proper absorption and assimilation of food. The Small Intestine is also associated with clarity of judgment and decision-making. When it malfunctions or is imbalanced in TCM, it can lead to digestive issues such as abdominal pain, bloating, poor appetite, or irregular bowel movements. Additionally, a malfunctioning Small Intestine may manifest as mental confusion or difficulty in making decisions, reflecting its role in discernment and clarity in both physical and mental realms. ... see more

Small Intestine Patterns That Can Lead to Stomatitis

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Full-Heat in the Small Intestine Mouth ulcers, Tongue ulcers, Restlessness, Insomnia, Throat pain, Deafness, Cardiac burning sensation, Abdominal pain, Craving for cold beverages, Scanty and dark urine, Hematuria, Urinary burning... see more Dao Chi San
Detailed description of the cause

Heart

In TCM the Heart is considered the "emperor" of all organs, primarily responsible for governing Blood and housing the mind, known as "Shen." It plays a crucial role in maintaining mental-emotional equilibrium and controlling the circulation of Qi and blood throughout the body. When the Heart is imbalanced or malfunctions in TCM, it can lead to a range of issues like heart palpitations, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, anxiety, and a flushed complexion. Emotional disturbances such as excessive joy or lack of joy are also seen as signs of Heart disharmony. These symptoms reflect not just physical heart conditions but also the state of one's Shen, indicating the interconnectedness of physical and emotional well-being in TCM.... see more

Heart Patterns That Can Lead to Stomatitis

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Heart Fire blazing Mouth ulcers, Tongue ulcers, Palpitations, Thirst, Restlessness, Anxiety, Feeling of heat, Insomnia, Flushed face, Hematuria, Dark urine, Bitter taste in the mouth... see more Liang Ge San | Xie Xin Tang | Zi Xue Dan | Qing Xin Lian Zi Yin
Detailed description of the cause

Pericardium

In TCM the Pericardium is more than a physical membrane protecting the heart; it's considered an organ system that acts as the "Heart's protector." It plays a crucial role in safeguarding the heart from external pathogenic factors and emotional disturbances. The Pericardium is also involved in regulating blood circulation and influencing emotional well-being, especially in terms of relationships and intimacy. When the Pericardium malfunctions or is imbalanced in TCM, it can lead to symptoms that mirror heart issues, such as chest pain or palpitations, but often with an emotional component like difficulty in forming emotional connections or excessive vulnerability to external stressors. Additionally, a disturbed Pericardium can result in sleep disturbances, anxiety, and in severe cases, mental confusion, reflecting its integral role in both physical heart protection and emotional balance.... see more

Pericardium Patterns That Can Lead to Stomatitis

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Pericardium Fire Mouth ulcers, Tongue ulcers, Palpitations, Stifling sensation in the chest, Bitter taste in the mouth, Insomnia, Thirst, Cardiac burning sensation, Rapid breath, Restlessness, Anxiety, Feeling of heat, Vivid dreaming, Excessive menstruation... see more Xie Xin Tang | Zi Xue Dan
Detailed description of the cause

Stomach

In TCM the Stomach is regarded as the "sea of nourishment," pivotal for digesting food and transforming it into Qi and blood. It works closely with the Spleen to distribute these essential nutrients throughout the body. When the Stomach is out of balance or malfunctions in TCM, it often leads to digestive problems such as bloating, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, or a feeling of fullness. There may also be issues like acid reflux or a sour taste in the mouth. Emotionally, an imbalanced Stomach can contribute to excessive worry and overthinking, reflecting the TCM belief that physical and emotional well-being are deeply interconnected.... see more

Stomach Patterns That Can Lead to Stomatitis

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Stomach Heat or Fire Mouth ulcers, Upper abdominal burning pain, Excessive thirst, Craving for cold beverages, Restlessness, Dry stools, Dry mouth, Acid reflux, Nausea, Vomiting after eating, Excessive hunger, Bad breath, Feeling of heat, Acne... see more Qing Wei San | Xie Huang San | Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang | Fei Er Wan | Hua Ban Tang

TCM Herbal Formulas for Stomatitis

The treatment of stomatitis in TCM involves carefully selected herbal formulas tailored to address the specific pattern of disharmony identified in each patient. For patterns involving Stomach Heat or Fire, a commonly recommended formula is Qing Wei San, which includes Goldthread Rhizomes (Huang Lian) as a key herb to clear Stomach Heat.

In cases of Heart Fire blazing, practitioners might prescribe Liang Ge San, featuring Forsythia Fruits (Lian Qiao) to clear Heat and resolve toxicity. For more severe cases of Heat and toxicity, Huang Lian Jie Du Tang might be employed, utilizing Goldthread Rhizomes (Huang Lian) to clear Heat from multiple organs. Other formulas like Bai Hu Tang, containing Gypsum (Shi Gao), may be used to address Qi-level Heat. It's important to note that TCM treatment is highly individualized, and the choice of formula may vary based on the patient's specific presentation and overall constitution.

Explore below some TCM herbal formulas used to address stomatitis, organized by cause and by formula type.

  • By Cause
  • By Formula Type
  • Heat
  • Yin Deficiency
  • Mind Disturbance

All Formulas Recommended for Stomatitis Caused by Heat

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Xie Xin Tang Heart Fire blazing, Pericardium Fire
Zi Xue Dan Heart Fire blazing, Pericardium Fire
Huang Lian Jie Du Tang Toxic-Heat, Toxic-Heat Stagnation
Xin Yi Qing Fei Yin Toxic-Heat, Toxic-Heat Stagnation
Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency
Huang Lian E Jiao Tang Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency
Qing Hao Bie Jia Tang Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency
Dang Gui Liu Huang Tang Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency
Suan Zao Ren Tang Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency
Dao Chi San Full-Heat in the Small Intestine
Liang Ge San Heart Fire blazing
Qing Xin Lian Zi Yin Heart Fire blazing
Qing Wei San Stomach Heat or Fire
Xie Huang San Stomach Heat or Fire
Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang Stomach Heat or Fire
Fei Er Wan Stomach Heat or Fire
Hua Ban Tang Stomach Heat or Fire
Bai Hu Tang Toxic-Heat
Yin Qiao San Toxic-Heat
Sang Ju Yin Toxic-Heat
Long Dan Xie Gan Tang Toxic-Heat
Qing Ying Tang Toxic-Heat
Xi Jiao Di Huang Tang Toxic-Heat
Gan Lu Xiao Du Dan Toxic-Heat
Shi Wei Bai Du San Toxic-Heat
San Zhong Kui Jian Tang Toxic-Heat
Zi Dang Gao Toxic-Heat
Er Qing Gao Toxic-Heat
Bing Peng San Toxic-Heat
Pu Ji Xiao Du Yin Toxic-Heat
Yin Qiao Jie Du Wan Toxic-Heat

All Formulas Recommended for Stomatitis Caused by Yin Deficiency

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan Yin and Blood Deficiency, Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency
Huang Lian E Jiao Tang Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency
Qing Hao Bie Jia Tang Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency
Dang Gui Liu Huang Tang Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency
Suan Zao Ren Tang Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency

All Formulas Recommended for Stomatitis Caused by Mind Disturbance

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Xie Xin Tang Heart Fire blazing, Pericardium Fire
Zi Xue Dan Heart Fire blazing, Pericardium Fire
Liang Ge San Heart Fire blazing
Qing Xin Lian Zi Yin Heart Fire blazing

All "formulas that clear heat from the organs" recommended for stomatitis

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Xin Yi Qing Fei Yin Toxic-Heat, Toxic-Heat Stagnation
Dao Chi San Full-Heat in the Small Intestine
Qing Wei San Stomach Heat or Fire
Xie Huang San Stomach Heat or Fire
Qing Xin Lian Zi Yin Heart Fire blazing
Long Dan Xie Gan Tang Toxic-Heat
Yu Nu Jian Not applicable
Yu Nu Tang Not applicable

All "formulas that clear heat and resolve toxicity" recommended for stomatitis

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Huang Lian Jie Du Tang Toxic-Heat, Toxic-Heat Stagnation
Xie Xin Tang Heart Fire blazing, Pericardium Fire
Liang Ge San Heart Fire blazing
Pu Ji Xiao Du Yin Toxic-Heat
Yin Qiao Jie Du Wan Toxic-Heat
Huang Lian Jiao Du Tang Not applicable

All "formulas that nourish the heart and calm the mind" recommended for stomatitis

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan Yin and Blood Deficiency, Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency
Huang Lian E Jiao Tang Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency
Suan Zao Ren Tang Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency

All "formulas that clear heat and open sensory orifices" recommended for stomatitis

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Zi Xue Dan Heart Fire blazing, Pericardium Fire
Niu Huang Qing Xin Wan Not applicable

All "external formulas for external disorders" recommended for stomatitis

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Yin Qiao San Toxic-Heat
Zi Dang Gao Toxic-Heat
Er Qing Gao Toxic-Heat
Bing Peng San Toxic-Heat

All "formulas that clear heat and expel dampness" recommended for stomatitis

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Gan Lu Xiao Du Dan Toxic-Heat
Ba Zheng San Not applicable

All "formulas that clear qi-level heat" recommended for stomatitis

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Bai Hu Tang Toxic-Heat
Zhu Ye Shi Gao Tang Not applicable

All "formulas that clear heat from deficiency" recommended for stomatitis

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Qing Hao Bie Jia Tang Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency
Dang Gui Liu Huang Tang Empty-Heat or Fire caused by Yin Deficiency

All "formulas that clear nutritive-level heat" recommended for stomatitis

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Qing Ying Tang Toxic-Heat
Xi Jiao Di Huang Tang Toxic-Heat

All "formulas that clear external abscesses and sores" recommended for stomatitis

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Shi Wei Bai Du San Toxic-Heat
San Zhong Kui Jian Tang Toxic-Heat

Acupoints for Stomatitis

Explore below some acupoints used to address stomatitis, organized by meridian.

  • By Meridian
  • Extra Points: Head and Neck (EX-HN)
  • Large Intestine Channel
  • Governing Vessel
Jiali EX-HN

Jiali EX-HN

Inside the mouth, on the mucosa of the cheek, 1 cun posterior to the corner of the mouth.

Hegu LI-4

Hegu LI-4

Between the 1st and 2nd metacarpal bones, approximately in the middle of the 2nd metacarpal bone on the radial side.

Wenliu LI-7

Wenliu LI-7

When a fist is made, with the ulnar side downward and elbow flexed, the point is 5 cun above Yangxi LI-5 at the wrist crease, 1 cun distal to the midpoint of the line joining Yangxi LI-5 and Quchi LI-11.

Duiduan DU-27

Duiduan DU-27

On the midline, at the junction of the philtrum and the upper lip.

Lianquan REN-23

Lianquan REN-23

On the anterior midline of the neck, above the Adm's apple, in the depression at the upper border of the hyoid bone.

Shaoze SI-1

Shaoze SI-1

On the ulnar side of the little finger, about 0.1 cun posterior to the corner of the nail.

Waiguan TB-5

Waiguan TB-5

2 cun above Yangchi TB-4 at the dorsal wrist joint space, between the radius and ulna.

Laogong P-8

Laogong P-8

In the center of the palm, between the 2nd and the 3rd metacarpal bones, proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joint.

Shaofu HE-8

Shaofu HE-8

On the palmar surface, between the 4th and 5th metacarpal bones. When a fist is made, the point is where the tip of the little finger rests.

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