Formula Pill (Wan)

Qing E Wan

Young Maiden Pill · 青娥丸

Also known as: Jian Yao Wan (健腰丸), Qing'e Pill

A classical formula for strengthening the lower back and knees by warming and supporting the Kidneys. It is used for lower back pain, weak knees, and general signs of Kidney Yang decline such as cold sensitivity, fatigue, and difficulty moving, particularly in older adults or those with chronic overexertion.

Origin Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang (太平惠民和剂局方) — Sòng dynasty, 1151 CE
Composition 4 herbs
Du Zhong
King
Du Zhong
Bu Gu Zhi
Deputy
Bu Gu Zhi
Hu Tao Ren
Assistant
Hu Tao Ren
Da Huang
Envoy
Da Huang
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Educational content Consult qualified TCM practitioners for diagnosis and treatment

Patterns Addressed

In TCM, symptoms don't appear randomly — they cluster into recognizable patterns of disharmony that reveal what's out of balance in the body. Qing E Wan is designed to correct these specific patterns.

Why Qing E Wan addresses this pattern

Kidney Yang deficiency is the primary pattern this formula addresses. When Kidney Yang declines, it can no longer warm and nourish the lower back (the 'mansion of the Kidneys'), the bones, and the sinews. This leads to chronic lumbar aching and weakness, cold sensations in the lower body, and difficulty with movement. Du Zhong directly strengthens the lumbar region while tonifying Liver and Kidney. Bu Gu Zhi provides deep Kidney Yang warming. Hu Tao Ren supplements Kidney Essence, and Da Suan disperses Cold and opens the channels. Together, they restore the warming and structural functions of Kidney Yang, relieving pain and restoring mobility.

A practitioner would look for one or more of these signs

Lower Back Pain

Chronic, dull aching that worsens with fatigue and improves with rest

Knee Pain

Soft, weak knees with difficulty standing or walking

Cold Sensation In Lower Body

Feeling of cold in the lumbar region and lower limbs

Eye Fatigue

General tiredness and lack of physical strength

Frequent Urination

Increased urination, especially at night

Commonly Prescribed For

These conditions can arise from the patterns above. A practitioner would consider Qing E Wan when these conditions are specifically caused by those patterns — not for all cases of these conditions.

TCM Interpretation

In TCM, the lower back is called the 'mansion of the Kidneys' (腰为肾之府), meaning that Kidney health directly determines lumbar strength. Chronic lower back pain that develops gradually, worsens with tiredness, and improves with rest is considered a hallmark of Kidney deficiency. Unlike acute back pain from injury or external pathogenic factors (Cold-Damp invasion), this type of pain reflects an internal depletion of the Kidney's warming and nourishing functions. The Kidneys govern the bones and generate marrow, so when Kidney Yang is insufficient, the bones and surrounding tissues of the lumbar spine lose their warmth and structural support.

Why Qing E Wan Helps

Qing E Wan directly targets the Kidney-lumbar connection. Du Zhong, the formula's primary herb, is the most important single herb in TCM for Kidney deficiency lower back pain. It tonifies both Liver and Kidney while having a specific affinity for strengthening the sinews and bones of the lumbar region. Bu Gu Zhi adds deep Kidney Yang warming, which restores the underlying metabolic warmth the spine needs. Hu Tao Ren supplements the Essence that nourishes bone tissue. Da Suan opens the channels in the lumbar area, dispersing any Cold stagnation that contributes to pain. The formula works best for chronic, dull, aching lower back pain with cold sensations, weakness, and fatigue rather than sharp or sudden pain.

Also commonly used for

Chronic Lumbar Muscle Strain

Chronic lumbar muscle fatigue and weakness

Lumbar Disc Degeneration

Degenerative changes of lumbar vertebrae with Kidney deficiency presentation

Knee Pain

Weak, soft knees with difficulty standing

Erectile Dysfunction

When accompanied by Kidney Yang deficiency signs

Frequent Urination

Kidney deficiency type with nocturia

Osteoarthritis

Joint degeneration of the lumbar spine or knees with cold signs

What This Formula Does

Every TCM formula has a specific set of actions — here's what Qing E Wan does in the body, explained in both everyday and TCM terms

Therapeutic focus

In practical terms, Qing E Wan is primarily used to support these areas of health:

TCM Actions

In TCM terminology, these are the specific therapeutic actions that Qing E Wan performs to restore balance in the body:

How It Addresses the Root Cause

TCM doesn't just suppress symptoms — it aims to resolve the underlying imbalance. Here's how Qing E Wan works at the root level.

The Kidneys in TCM govern the bones and lumbar region. The lower back is called the "mansion of the Kidneys" (腰为肾之府), meaning its strength and vitality depend directly on the state of Kidney Qi and Yang. When Kidney Yang becomes deficient, whether from aging, constitutional weakness, excessive physical labor, or sexual overexertion, the lumbar region loses its warming support and nourishment.

Without sufficient Kidney Yang to warm and strengthen the sinews and bones of the lower back, two things happen. First, the area becomes structurally weak: the muscles, tendons, and bones lack the vital force needed to maintain strength, leading to soreness, weakness, and a dull, persistent ache in the lower back and knees. Second, the deficiency creates a vulnerability to cold: cold pathogenic factors can easily settle into the lower back because there is not enough Yang warmth to resist them, worsening the pain and stiffness.

This formula addresses the root of the problem by directly replenishing Kidney Yang and strengthening the lumbar region. By warming the Kidney fire and nourishing the sinews and bones, it restores the structural integrity and warmth that the lower back needs. The warming approach also helps dispel any cold that has lodged in the area due to the underlying deficiency.

Formula Properties

Every formula has an inherent temperature, taste, and affinity for specific organs — these properties determine how it interacts with the body

Overall Temperature

Warm

Taste Profile

Predominantly bitter and pungent with a sweet undertone. The bitter and pungent flavors warm the Kidneys and invigorate circulation, while the sweetness from walnut kernel gently nourishes.

Target Organs

Channels Entered

Kidney Liver

Ingredients

4 herbs

The herbs that make up Qing E Wan, organized by their role in the prescription

King — Main ingredient driving the formula
Deputy — Assists and enhances the King
Assistant — Supports or moderates other herbs
Envoy — Directs the formula to its target
King — Main ingredient driving the formula
Du Zhong

Du Zhong

Eucommia bark

Dosage 480g (pill preparation ratio)
Temperature Warm
Taste Sweet (甘 gān)
Organ Affinity Liver, Kidneys
Preparation Salt-fried (盐炒)

Role in Qing E Wan

Tonifies the Liver and Kidneys, strengthens the sinews and bones, and is the primary herb for treating Kidney deficiency lower back pain. Used salt-fried to direct its action downward to the Kidneys. As the largest dose in the formula, it directly addresses the core pathomechanism of Kidney weakness leading to structural decline in the lumbar region.
Deputy — Assists and enhances the King
Bu Gu Zhi

Bu Gu Zhi

Psoralea fruit

Dosage 240g (pill preparation ratio)
Temperature Warm
Taste Acrid / Pungent (辛 xīn), Bitter (苦 kǔ)
Organ Affinity Kidneys, Spleen
Preparation Salt-fried (盐炒)

Role in Qing E Wan

Warms Kidney Yang and consolidates Essence. Its name literally means 'bone-mending resin,' reflecting its classical reputation for strengthening bones. It powerfully reinforces Du Zhong's Kidney-warming action, adding direct Yang tonification to the formula's structural-support strategy.
Assistant — Supports or moderates other herbs
Hu Tao Ren

Hu Tao Ren

Walnut kernel

Dosage 150g (pill preparation ratio)
Temperature Warm
Taste Sweet (甘 gān)
Organ Affinity Kidneys, Lungs, Large Intestine
Preparation Dry-fried (炒)

Role in Qing E Wan

Tonifies the Kidneys, warms Yang, and nourishes Essence and Blood. Its oily, rich nature moistens and supplements, adding a nourishing dimension that prevents the formula from being purely warming and drying. Also helps bind the pill formulation.
Envoy — Directs the formula to its target
Da Huang

Da Huang

Rhubarb root and rhizome

Dosage 120g (pill preparation ratio)
Temperature Cold
Taste Bitter (苦 kǔ)
Organ Affinity Spleen, Stomach, Large Intestine, Liver, Pericardium
Preparation Steamed until cooked, then dried (蒸熟)

Role in Qing E Wan

Warms the interior, disperses Cold, unblocks stagnation, and promotes circulation through the channels. Its pungent, warming nature drives the formula's tonic herbs into the channels and sinews, helping to relieve pain by moving Qi and opening obstructions in the lumbar region.

Why This Combination Works

How the herbs in Qing E Wan complement each other

Overall strategy

Qing E Wan addresses Kidney Yang deficiency as the root cause of chronic lower back pain and skeletal weakness. The strategy is to warm and tonify the Kidneys while strengthening the sinews and bones directly, using a small, focused group of herbs that work synergistically to restore Kidney function and relieve lumbar pain.

King herb

Du Zhong (Eucommia bark) serves as the King herb at the highest dose. It is the premier herb in TCM for tonifying the Liver and Kidneys while directly strengthening the sinews and bones. Salt-processing enhances its downward-directing action toward the Kidneys. It addresses both the root cause (Kidney deficiency) and the primary symptom (lower back pain) simultaneously.

Deputy herb

Bu Gu Zhi (Psoralea fruit) reinforces Du Zhong's Kidney-warming effect with its strong Yang-tonifying properties. While Du Zhong focuses on structural support (sinews and bones), Bu Gu Zhi contributes deeper warming of the Kidney's Yang fire, which is essential for generating the warmth that maintains bone health and lumbar strength. Together, the King and Deputy form a powerful Kidney-tonifying core.

Assistant herb

Hu Tao Ren (walnut kernel) functions as a reinforcing assistant that adds substance and nourishment. Its oily, warm nature supplements Kidney Essence and moistens, preventing the formula from becoming overly dry or one-sidedly warming. This ensures the formula nourishes the material foundation (Essence and Blood) that the bones and sinews depend on, not just the warming function.

Envoy herb

Da Suan (garlic, steamed) acts as the envoy with its pungent, warm, channel-penetrating nature. It disperses Cold, moves stagnant Qi, and opens the network vessels in the lower back, allowing the tonic herbs to reach the affected area more effectively. Steaming moderates its harsh raw properties while preserving its warming and dispersing action.

Notable synergies

The pairing of Bu Gu Zhi and Hu Tao Ren is a classical combination with a long history predating this formula, originally attributed to the Tang dynasty. Bu Gu Zhi provides pure Yang warmth while Hu Tao Ren provides Yin-nourishing substance, creating a balanced approach to Kidney supplementation. Du Zhong and Bu Gu Zhi together form a comprehensive bone-strengthening pair: Du Zhong acts through the Liver-Kidney axis to nourish sinews, while Bu Gu Zhi acts on Kidney Yang to warm and consolidate the skeletal framework.

How to Prepare

Traditional preparation instructions for Qing E Wan

Grind Du Zhong (salt-fried) and Bu Gu Zhi (salt-fried) into a fine powder and sieve. Steam Da Suan until cooked, then dry and powder it. Pound Hu Tao Ren (dry-fried) into a paste. Combine all powders with the walnut paste and mix thoroughly. For every 100g of powder, add 20–30g of refined honey and an appropriate amount of water to form water-honey pills (水蜜丸), dry, and store. Alternatively, add 50–70g of refined honey per 100g to form large honey pills (大蜜丸). Standard adult dosage: 6–9g of water-honey pills or one 9g honey pill, taken 2–3 times daily on an empty stomach with warm water, warm wine, or lightly salted water.

Common Modifications

How practitioners adapt Qing E Wan for specific situations

Added
Lai Fu Zi

6–9g, powerfully warms Kidney Yang fire

Rou Gui

3–6g, warms the Ming Men fire and disperses Cold

Ba Ji Tian

9–15g, tonifies Kidney Yang and strengthens sinews

When Kidney Yang deficiency is severe with prominent cold signs, the base formula's warming power is supplemented with stronger Yang-tonifying herbs to reignite the Kidney's warming function.

Educational content — always consult a qualified healthcare provider or TCM practitioner before using any herbal formula.

Contraindications

Situations where Qing E Wan should not be used or requires extra caution

Caution

Yin deficiency with Heat signs (night sweats, hot flashes with red tongue and scanty coating). This warming formula would further damage Yin and worsen Heat.

Avoid

Lumbar pain due to Damp-Heat (lower back pain with a heavy sensation, dark urine, yellow greasy tongue coating). The warm nature of the formula would aggravate the Damp-Heat.

Avoid

Acute external pathogen invasion (common cold or flu with fever). The tonifying nature of the formula may trap the pathogen inside, making it harder to resolve.

Caution

Lumbar pain caused by acute traumatic injury or Blood stasis from physical trauma. This formula does not address Blood stasis or acute inflammation from injury.

Caution

Cold-Dampness type lumbar pain (heavy, fixed pain worsened by rainy weather with white greasy tongue coating). While the formula is warm, it does not specifically resolve Dampness and requires modification.

Special Populations

Important considerations for pregnancy, breastfeeding, and pediatric use

Pregnancy

Use with caution during pregnancy. Bu Gu Zhi (Psoralea fruit) is a strongly warming Kidney Yang tonic that contains psoralen and related compounds with potential hormonal activity. While Du Zhong (Eucommia bark) is traditionally considered to calm a restless fetus, the overall warming and Yang-tonifying nature of the formula may not be appropriate for all pregnant patients. A qualified practitioner should assess whether the formula is suitable on a case-by-case basis. Not recommended for self-prescription during pregnancy.

Breastfeeding

No specific contraindication is established for breastfeeding. However, Bu Gu Zhi (Psoralea fruit) contains psoralen and isopsoralen, bioactive compounds whose transfer into breast milk has not been well studied. The formula's warm, Yang-tonifying nature is generally considered safe for postpartum recovery when Kidney Yang deficiency is present, but caution is advised. Consult a qualified practitioner before use during breastfeeding.

Children

Qing E Wan is not a typical pediatric formula. It is designed for adults with Kidney Yang deficiency, a pattern that is far more common in middle-aged and elderly patients. Children and adolescents rarely require this type of Yang-warming Kidney tonic. The strong Yang-tonifying herbs (particularly Bu Gu Zhi) are generally not appropriate for developing bodies. Use in children should only be considered in exceptional cases under the guidance of a qualified practitioner experienced in pediatric TCM, with significant dose reduction.

Drug Interactions

If you are taking pharmaceutical medications, be aware of these potential interactions with Qing E Wan

Anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications: Bu Gu Zhi (Psoralea fruit) contains coumarins, including psoralen and isopsoralen. These may theoretically interact with warfarin and other coumarin-based anticoagulants, potentially altering their effectiveness or increasing bleeding risk. Patients on blood-thinning medications should consult their physician before use.

Photosensitizing drugs: Psoralen from Bu Gu Zhi is a known photosensitizer used in PUVA therapy for skin conditions. Concurrent use with other photosensitizing medications (such as tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, or certain diuretics) may increase the risk of phototoxic skin reactions.

Estrogen and hormone therapy: Research suggests Qing'e Pill may have estrogen-like effects with affinity for estrogen receptor alpha. Patients taking hormone replacement therapy or estrogen-sensitive medications should use this formula with caution, as it could theoretically amplify or interfere with hormonal effects.

Usage Guidance

Practical advice for getting the most out of Qing E Wan

Best time to take

Before meals, ideally in the morning and evening. Traditionally taken with warm water or, in classical preparation, with warm rice wine on an empty stomach to enhance absorption and direct the formula to the Kidneys.

Typical duration

Chronic use: typically taken for 4-12 weeks as a course, then reassessed by a practitioner. May be taken in repeated courses for chronic Kidney deficiency conditions.

Dietary advice

Favor warm, cooked foods that support the Kidneys: black beans, walnuts, dark sesame, lamb, bone broth, and warm soups. Avoid cold and raw foods such as salads, iced drinks, and excessive fruit, which can further weaken Yang and hinder the formula's warming action. Reduce intake of excessively greasy or phlegm-producing foods. Moderate salt intake is traditionally considered beneficial for guiding the formula's action toward the Kidneys.

Qing E Wan originates from Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang (太平惠民和剂局方) Sòng dynasty, 1151 CE

Classical Texts

Key passages from the classical Chinese medical texts that first described Qing E Wan and its clinical use

《太平惠民和剂局方》(Tài Píng Huì Mín Hé Jì Jú Fāng):

「治肾气虚弱,风冷乘之,或血气相搏,腰痛如折,起坐艰难,俯仰不利,转侧不能;或因劳役过度,伤于肾经,或处卑湿,地气伤腰,或坠堕伤损,或风寒客搏,或气滞不散,皆令腰痛。」

Translation: "Treats Kidney Qi deficiency and weakness, where wind and cold take advantage of the vulnerability, or where Blood and Qi clash, causing lumbar pain as if the back were breaking, with difficulty sitting and standing, inability to bend forward or lean back, and inability to turn to either side. Or when excessive labor injures the Kidney channel, or when living in low damp places causes earth Qi to harm the lumbar region, or from falling and injury, or from wind-cold lodging and contending, or from Qi stagnation that does not disperse, all of which cause lumbar pain."

Historical Context

How Qing E Wan evolved over the centuries — its origins, lineage, and place in the broader tradition of Chinese medicine

Qing E Wan is first recorded in the Tài Píng Huì Mín Hé Jì Jú Fāng (太平惠民和剂局方), the Song Dynasty government formulary initially compiled around 1078-1110 CE and later expanded. It appears in the volume on treating deficiency disorders (治诸虚). A popular legend traces the formula's origins to the Tang Dynasty prime minister Zheng Yin (郑姻), who served as a regional governor in Lingnan (southern China). Weakened by age and the damp climate, Zheng was given a two-herb remedy of Bu Gu Zhi and Hu Tao Ren by a foreign ship captain named Li Mohe from Southeast Asia. After seven or eight days, his condition improved dramatically. The formula was later transmitted and expanded with the addition of Du Zhong and garlic.

The name "Qing E" (青娥, "young maiden") alludes to the formula's reputed ability to restore youthful vigor. A classical poem praised it: after three years of service in the south, once people experienced the formula's power, even gray-bearded elders could laugh off the teasing of young women. Later physicians modified it significantly. Zhu Danxi's version in the Dān Xī Xīn Fǎ replaced garlic with dried ginger. The Yuan Dynasty physician Wei Yilin added Huang Bai, Zhi Mu, and Niu Xi for a version that addressed both Yin and Yang. Today, Qing E Wan remains listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and is widely used as a patent medicine for Kidney deficiency lumbar pain and is included in Chinese osteoporosis treatment guidelines as a complementary therapy.

Modern Research

4 published studies investigating the pharmacological effects or clinical outcomes of Qing E Wan

1

Positive Effects of Qing'e Pill on Trabecular Microarchitecture and Its Mechanical Properties in Osteopenic Ovariectomised Mice (Preclinical study, 2019)

Shuai B, Zhu R, Yang YP, Shen L, Xu XJ, Ma C, Lu L. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2019, 25(4): 270-277.

This animal study found that Qing'e Pill improved trabecular bone microstructure and mechanical strength in mice with surgically induced osteoporosis (ovariectomy model), with the effect linked to increased expression of beta-catenin, a key protein in the Wnt signaling pathway that promotes bone formation.

2

Qing'e Pill Inhibits Osteoblast Ferroptosis via ATM Serine/Threonine Kinase (ATM) and the PI3K/AKT Pathway in Primary Osteoporosis (Preclinical network pharmacology and animal study, 2022)

Hao J, Bei J, Li Z, Han M, Ma B, Ma P, Zhou X. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022, 13: 902102.

Using network pharmacology and ovariectomized rat models, researchers found that Qing'e Pill could protect bone-forming osteoblast cells from a specific type of cell death called ferroptosis. The mechanism involved the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, offering a novel explanation for the formula's anti-osteoporosis activity.

3

Modified Qing'e Pills Exerts Anti-Osteoporosis Effects and Prevents Bone Loss by Enhancing Type H Blood Vessel Formation (Preclinical study, 2022)

Lu J, Hu D, Ma C, Xu X, Shen L, Rong J, Zhao J, Shuai B. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2022, 13: 998971.

This study demonstrated that modified Qing'e Pills prevented bone loss in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis by promoting the formation of a specific type of blood vessel (type H vessels) in bone tissue. The mechanism involved promoting VEGF and HIF-1a expression while alleviating vascular injury caused by activation of the renin-angiotensin system.

4

Gut Microbiota and Metabonomics Used to Explore the Mechanism of Qing'e Pills in Alleviating Osteoporosis (Preclinical study, 2022)

Xie H, Hua Z, Guo M, Lin S, Zhou Y, Weng Z, Wu L, Chen Z, Xu Z, Li W. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022, 60(1): 785-800.

This study explored how Qing'e Pills may alleviate osteoporosis by modulating gut microbiota composition and metabolic pathways in ovariectomized rats, suggesting that the formula's bone-protective effects may partly work through the gut-bone axis.

Research on TCM formulas is growing but still limited by Western clinical trial standards. These studies provide emerging evidence and should be considered alongside practitioner expertise.