Herb

Chi Shi Zhi

Halloysite clay | 赤石脂

Also known as:

Red Kaolin

Parts Used

Mineral (矿物 kuàng wù)

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

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About This Herb

Traditional Chinese Medicine background and properties

Herb Description

Red Halloysite is a natural mineral clay used in Chinese medicine primarily for chronic diarrhea and intestinal bleeding that have not responded to other treatments. It works by physically binding and protecting the intestinal lining, making it especially helpful when the digestive tract has become weakened from prolonged illness. It can also be applied externally to help heal stubborn wounds and skin ulcers.

Herb Category

Main Actions

  • Astringes the Intestines and Stops Diarrhea
  • Astringes and Stops Bleeding
  • Promotes Tissue Regeneration and Heals Sores
  • Astringes to Stop Vaginal Discharge

How These Actions Work

'Binds the intestines and stops diarrhea' (涩肠止泻) is the primary action of this mineral. Its heavy, astringent quality allows it to settle directly into the lower digestive tract. It physically coats and protects the intestinal lining, absorbing excess fluid and inflammatory secretions. This makes it a key remedy for chronic, long-standing diarrhea or dysentery that has become uncontrollable (called 'slippery desertion' in TCM), especially when the stool contains mucus or blood with a dull, dark colour. It is only appropriate when the acute phase has passed and the underlying cause is weakness rather than active infection or Damp-Heat.

'Astringes to stop bleeding' (收敛止血) refers to its ability to draw tissues together and halt bleeding. Because it is heavy and sinks downward, it is especially suited for bleeding in the lower body: blood in the stool from chronic conditions, uterine bleeding (heavy periods or spotting between periods), and hemorrhoidal bleeding. It works by its physical astringent action rather than by cooling the Blood.

'Generates flesh and heals sores' (生肌敛疮) is used when the herb is applied externally as a fine powder. It absorbs moisture from wound surfaces, protects raw tissue, and promotes the closure and healing of chronic ulcers, weeping eczema, and wounds that refuse to heal. It can be combined with other wound-healing powders like calcined Dragon Bone and Frankincense.

'Astringes leukorrhea' describes its use for chronic vaginal discharge that persists due to underlying deficiency. Its warm, binding nature helps consolidate the lower body and reduce thin, watery discharge, particularly when the root cause is Kidney deficiency or weakness of the Belt Channel (Dai Mai).

Patterns Addressed

In TCM, symptoms cluster into recognizable patterns of disharmony that reveal what's out of balance in the body. Chi Shi Zhi is traditionally associated with these specific patterns.

The following describes this herb's classification within Traditional Chinese Medicine theory and is provided for educational purposes only.

Why Chi Shi Zhi addresses this pattern

When the Large Intestine becomes chronically cold and weak, it loses its ability to hold and transform stool, leading to persistent, uncontrollable diarrhea or dysentery. Chì Shí Zhī is warm in nature and astringent in taste, allowing it to warm the intestines while physically binding the bowel. Its heavy, mineral quality carries it directly to the lower digestive tract. The sweet taste gently tonifies, while the sour and astringent tastes provide the strong holding action needed to stop the 'slippery desertion' (滑脱) characteristic of this pattern.

A practitioner would look for one or more of these signs

Chronic Diarrhea

Chronic, watery diarrhea that will not stop despite treatment

Rectal Prolapse

Rectal prolapse from prolonged diarrhea

Mucus in Stool

Stool containing mucus or dark blood

Abdominal Pain

Dull abdominal pain relieved by warmth and pressure

TCM Properties

Temperature

Warm

Taste

Sweet (甘 gān), Sour (酸 suān), Astringent (涩 sè)

Channels Entered
Large Intestine Stomach
Parts Used

Mineral (矿物 kuàng wù)

This is partial information on the herb's TCM properties. More detailed information is available on the herb's dedicated page

Product Details

Manufacturing, supplier, and product specifications

Product Type

Granules

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Botanical & Sourcing

Quality Indicators

High-quality Chi Shi Zhi should be bright red to deep pinkish-red in color, with a smooth, greasy surface and a fine, dense texture. The cross-section should show a waxy lustre with fine, even grain and no visible grit or sand. When touched to the tongue, it should adhere strongly (strong hygroscopic property, a key quality test). It should be soft and easy to break, and when chewed, should feel smooth with no sandy or gritty sensation. The earthy smell should be mild. Avoid pieces that are dull-colored, coarse, gritty, crumbly, or mixed with non-red mineral material.

Primary Growing Regions

Chi Shi Zhi is mined across several provinces in China. The major producing regions include Fujian (especially Yongchun and Dehua), Henan (Yuzhou and Jiyuan), Jiangsu (Wuxi), Shaanxi (Yan'an), Shanxi, Hubei (Xiaogan), and Anhui. Among these, Fujian, Henan, and Shanxi are traditionally considered the primary sources of high-quality material.

Harvesting Season

Can be mined year-round (全年均可采挖). After extraction, the red, smooth, fat-like pieces are selected and impurities such as stones and soil are removed.

Supplier Information

Treasure of the East

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Miscellaneous Info

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Usage & Safety

How to use this herb and important safety information

Important Medical Disclaimer

The information provided here is for educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice or to replace consultation with a qualified healthcare professional. This herb is a dietary supplement and has not been evaluated by the FDA. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider, particularly if you are pregnant, nursing, have a medical condition, or are taking other medications. Discontinue use and consult your healthcare provider if you experience any adverse reactions.

Recommended Dosage

Instructions for safe storage and consumption

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Traditional Dosage Reference

Standard

9-15g (some sources extend to 20g)

Maximum

Up to 20g in decoction for severe chronic diarrhea, under practitioner supervision. External use: appropriate amount as needed.

Notes

For chronic diarrhea and dysentery: 9-15g in decoction, crushed and decocted first (先煎). For hemostasis (bleeding from the intestines or uterus): 10-15g, often used in its calcined form (煅赤石脂) to enhance astringency. For external use on non-healing ulcers, wounds, or eczema: grind into fine powder and apply directly to the affected area, or mix with other powdered herbs. The calcined form (processed with vinegar and then calcined until red) is preferred for internal use as it has enhanced astringent properties. Lower doses (9-12g) are typical for mild cases; higher doses (15-20g) for more severe chronic conditions.

Processing Methods

Processing method

The raw mineral is ground into fine powder, mixed with vinegar to form a paste, shaped into strips, cut into segments, dried, and then calcined (煅) in a kiln or crucible at high heat until glowing red throughout. After cooling it is crushed for use.

How it changes properties

Calcination significantly enhances the astringent properties. The thermal nature remains warm. The processed form has stronger intestine-binding, bleeding-stopping, and wound-healing actions. The vinegar processing may also help direct the herb's action and increase its ability to absorb fluids.

When to use this form

Preferred for internal use when strong astringent action is needed, such as severe chronic diarrhea with slippery desertion, heavy uterine bleeding, or chronic blood in the stool. Also the preferred form for external application on chronic wounds and ulcers.

Toxicity Classification

Non-toxic

Chi Shi Zhi is classified as non-toxic in both classical texts (the Bie Lu states 无毒, 'non-toxic') and the modern Chinese Pharmacopoeia. As a clay mineral (hydrated aluminum silicate), it is chemically inert and not systemically absorbed when taken orally at standard doses. However, excessive or prolonged use may theoretically contribute to aluminum accumulation. The main safety concern is not toxicity but rather its strong adsorptive properties: it can bind nutrients, enzymes, and co-administered medications in the gastrointestinal tract, potentially reducing their effectiveness. It may also cause constipation if overused.

Contraindications

Avoid

Diarrhea or dysentery caused by damp-heat accumulation (湿热积滞). Chi Shi Zhi is a strongly astringent substance that traps pathogens inside. It should only be used for chronic, deficiency-type diarrhea, never for acute diarrhea with active heat or dampness, where the pathogen must be expelled rather than contained.

Avoid

Early-stage dysentery or diarrhea where the pathogenic factor has not been cleared. Using astringent substances at this stage is described classically as 'closing the door on the thief' and can worsen the condition significantly.

Caution

Pregnancy. Chi Shi Zhi is classified as 'use with caution' (慎用) during pregnancy. Its heavy, descending, and astringent nature may affect the fetus.

Caution

Concurrent use with Rou Gui (Cinnamomum cassia bark / Cortex Cinnamomi). Chi Shi Zhi and Guan Gui (official cinnamon / Rou Gui) are listed as a pair in the classical Nineteen Mutual Fears (十九畏). Practitioners generally avoid combining them unless there is specific clinical justification.

Caution

Concurrent use with pharmaceutical medications taken orally. As a clay mineral with strong adsorptive properties, Chi Shi Zhi can bind to and reduce the absorption of other drugs. Administration should be separated by at least two hours.

Classical Incompatibilities

Guan Gui / Rou Gui (官桂/肉桂, Cinnamomum cassia bark) fears Chi Shi Zhi. This is one of the classical Nineteen Mutual Fears (十九畏) pairs: "官桂善能调冷气,若逢石脂便相欺" (Official cinnamon excels at regulating cold Qi, but when it meets Shi Zhi, it is undermined). In practice, some experienced physicians (notably Li Ke and others) have used this pair together in specific clinical situations for Cold-type diarrhea with good results, suggesting the incompatibility is relative rather than absolute. However, standard practice advises against combining them without specific clinical justification.

Special Populations

Pregnancy

Classified as 'use with caution' (慎用) during pregnancy in classical and modern Chinese Materia Medica sources. Chi Shi Zhi is a heavy, downward-directing mineral substance with strong astringent properties. While it is not a uterine stimulant or blood-moving herb, its heavy and descending nature could theoretically affect fetal positioning or uterine dynamics. Classical sources note it was traditionally used to aid delivery of a retained placenta (胞衣不出), suggesting it has some influence on uterine function. Pregnant women should avoid this herb unless specifically prescribed by a qualified practitioner.

Breastfeeding

No specific classical or modern contraindication during breastfeeding has been documented. As an inorganic mineral (hydrated aluminum silicate), Chi Shi Zhi is poorly absorbed systemically, which limits the potential for transfer through breast milk. However, the aluminum content of the mineral warrants general caution with prolonged or high-dose use during lactation. Use at standard doses for short courses is generally considered low-risk, but a qualified practitioner should supervise.

Pediatric Use

Chi Shi Zhi has been used in pediatric formulas historically (e.g., Chi Shi Zhi San from Yan Shi Xiao Er Fang Lun for pediatric post-dysentery rectal prolapse). Dosage should be proportionally reduced according to the child's age and weight, typically one-third to one-half of the adult dose. As with adults, it should only be used for chronic deficiency-type diarrhea in children, never for acute infectious diarrhea. Modern pediatric guidelines suggest that kaolin-type adsorbents are not first-line treatments for childhood diarrhea and should not replace proper rehydration therapy.

Drug Interactions

Chi Shi Zhi is a potent adsorbent mineral (similar to pharmaceutical kaolin). When taken orally, it can bind to co-administered medications in the gastrointestinal tract and significantly reduce their absorption. This interaction is pharmacologically well-established for kaolin-group minerals and applies broadly to most oral medications, including but not limited to:

  • Antibiotics: Kaolin minerals have been shown to reduce the bioavailability of co-trimoxazole and quinolone antibiotics.
  • Quinidine and cardiac medications: Studies have demonstrated decreased bioavailability of quinidine sulfate when co-administered with kaolin adsorbents.
  • Anticoagulants and other narrow therapeutic index drugs: Any drug where reduced absorption could be clinically significant.

To minimize this interaction, oral medications should be taken at least 2 hours before or after Chi Shi Zhi administration.

Dietary Advice

When taking Chi Shi Zhi for chronic diarrhea or dysentery, avoid cold, raw, greasy, and hard-to-digest foods, which can aggravate the underlying Spleen deficiency and counteract the herb's astringent effects. Warm, easily digestible foods such as congee (rice porridge), cooked vegetables, and mild soups are recommended. Spicy or stimulating foods should be eaten in moderation. Avoid excessive intake of dairy products if lactose intolerance is contributing to the diarrhea.

Cautions & Warnings

Although this herb is typically safe for most individuals, it may cause side effects in some people. Pregnant women, nursing mothers, postpartum women, and those with liver disease should use the formula with caution.

As with any Chinese herbal remedy, it is advisable to seek guidance from a qualified TCM practitioner before beginning treatment.