Herb

Shi Shang Bai

Selaginella herb | 石上柏

Also known as:

Shi Shang Bo

Parts Used

Whole plant / Aerial parts (全草 quán cǎo)

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

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About This Herb

Traditional Chinese Medicine background and properties

Herb Description

Shi Shang Bai is a cooling herb from the spikemoss family, widely used in Chinese folk medicine for its heat-clearing and toxin-resolving properties. It is especially recognized in clinical practice as a supportive herb for various cancers, particularly nasopharyngeal and throat cancers. It is also used for sore throat, red swollen eyes, lung-heat cough, jaundice, and traumatic bleeding.

Herb Category

Main Actions

  • Clears Heat and Resolves Toxicity
  • Inhibits cancer
  • Stops Bleeding
  • Dispels Wind-Dampness
  • Promotes Urination and Drains Damp-Heat

How These Actions Work

'Clears Heat and resolves toxicity' means Shi Shang Bai helps the body deal with conditions driven by intense internal Heat combined with toxic accumulation. In practice, this applies to sore throat, acute tonsillitis, red swollen eyes (conjunctivitis), Lung-heat cough, pneumonia, and breast abscess (mastitis). Its cool nature and slightly bitter taste work together to reduce inflammation and purge Heat-toxins from the Lung and Liver channels.

'Inhibits cancer' refers to this herb's recognized role in Chinese folk medicine and modern clinical practice as a supportive treatment for various malignant tumors, including nasopharyngeal cancer, throat cancer, lung cancer, and digestive tract cancers. It has been formulated into tablets (Shi Shang Bai Pian) specifically for anti-cancer applications. Modern pharmacological research has confirmed its biflavonoid compounds (such as amentoflavone) have cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines and can induce cancer cell apoptosis.

'Stops bleeding' means Shi Shang Bai can be applied externally as a powder on wounds to control bleeding and promote healing. This action is most relevant for traumatic external bleeding.

'Expels Wind-Dampness' means this herb can help relieve joint pain, stiffness, and swelling caused by Wind-Dampness obstructing the channels, as seen in rheumatic or arthritic conditions.

'Promotes urination and drains Damp-Heat' refers to its ability to help resolve conditions where Dampness and Heat combine, such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes from Damp-Heat in the Liver and Gallbladder) and painful urination from Heat in the Bladder.

Patterns Addressed

In TCM, symptoms cluster into recognizable patterns of disharmony that reveal what's out of balance in the body. Shi Shang Bai is traditionally associated with these specific patterns.

The following describes this herb's classification within Traditional Chinese Medicine theory and is provided for educational purposes only.

Why Shi Shang Bai addresses this pattern

Shi Shang Bai's cool nature and bitter-sweet taste give it a strong capacity to clear Heat and resolve toxicity. When Toxic Heat accumulates in the body, it can manifest as severe sore throat, swollen tonsils, red swollen eyes, or breast abscess. This herb enters the Lung and Liver channels, targeting the upper body regions most affected by rising Toxic Heat. Its cooling action directly counteracts the Heat, while its toxin-resolving function helps the body process and expel pathogenic fire-toxins.

A practitioner would look for one or more of these signs

Sore Throat

Severe sore throat with swelling and heat

Red Eyes

Red, swollen, painful eyes

Hypochondrial Pain That Is Worse On Coughing And Breathing

Cough from Lung Heat with yellow phlegm

Fever

Fever with signs of inflammation

TCM Properties

Temperature

Cool

Taste

Sweet (甘 gān), Bitter (苦 kǔ), Astringent (涩 sè)

Channels Entered
Lungs Liver Stomach
Parts Used

Whole plant / Aerial parts (全草 quán cǎo)

This is partial information on the herb's TCM properties. More detailed information is available on the herb's dedicated page

Product Details

Manufacturing, supplier, and product specifications

Product Type

Granules

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Botanical & Sourcing

Quality Indicators

Good quality Shi Shang Bai should be whole and intact, 20-30 cm in length, with a deep green upper surface and pale greyish-green underside. The fronds (leaf branches) should be thin but flexible, not brittle or easily crumbled. The leaves should be clearly dimorphic (two shapes visible: larger lateral leaves and smaller medial leaves) with a prominent midrib. The herb should have no noticeable odour and a bland, slightly sweet to slightly bitter taste. Avoid specimens that are yellowed, blackened, broken into fragments, or heavily contaminated with soil and root debris. Fresh material should appear vibrant deep green; dried material retains a muted green colour.

Primary Growing Regions

Widely distributed across southern and southwestern China, including Guangxi, Guizhou, Guangdong, Yunnan, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Anhui, Taiwan, and Hainan provinces. Guangxi province (especially the Nanning and Hechi areas) is a major sourcing region and frequently cited collection site for research-grade material. Also found outside China in Japan, India, Vietnam, Thailand, and parts of Malaysia. There is no single dominant dao di (terroir) region; quality is broadly associated with warm, humid southern montane forests.

Harvesting Season

Can be harvested year-round (四季可采). The whole herb is collected, washed, and either used fresh or dried in the sun.

Supplier Information

Treasure of the East

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Miscellaneous Info

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Usage & Safety

How to use this herb and important safety information

Important Medical Disclaimer

The information provided here is for educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice or to replace consultation with a qualified healthcare professional. This herb is a dietary supplement and has not been evaluated by the FDA. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider, particularly if you are pregnant, nursing, have a medical condition, or are taking other medications. Discontinue use and consult your healthcare provider if you experience any adverse reactions.

Recommended Dosage

Instructions for safe storage and consumption

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Traditional Dosage Reference

Standard

10-30g (dried herb in decoction); fresh herb double the amount (20-60g)

Maximum

Up to 60g (dried herb) has been used in cancer treatment protocols, but only under close practitioner supervision. Prolonged high-dose use increases risk of bone marrow suppression and other adverse effects.

Notes

Standard decoction dose is 15-30g of dried herb. For cancer-related applications, doses up to 60g have been used in folk and clinical practice, often decocted with lean pork for 3 hours to moderate the herb's cooling nature. When used for inflammatory conditions (sore throat, conjunctivitis, pneumonia), 30g is a common dose. Excessive dosage or prolonged treatment courses may cause appetite loss, dizziness, skin rash, or hair loss. Combining with Spleen-strengthening herbs (such as Bai Zhu or Fu Ling) is recommended to offset gastrointestinal side effects during long-term use.

Processing Methods

Processing method

The dried whole herb is stir-fried in a dry pan until the exterior is charred (darkened/browned) but the interior retains some integrity. It should not be burned to full ash.

How it changes properties

Charring shifts the herb's primary action from clearing Heat and resolving toxicity toward stopping bleeding through astringency. The cool nature is moderated. The charred form gains a stronger hemostatic (止血) action through the classical principle that charring enhances astringent blood-stopping properties.

When to use this form

Use the charred form when the primary goal is to stop bleeding, such as in nosebleeds, blood in stool or urine, or uterine bleeding. Choose the raw form for Heat-clearing, anti-cancer, or anti-inflammatory applications.

Toxicity Classification

Slightly toxic

At standard doses, Shi Shang Bai is generally well tolerated. However, excessive dosage or prolonged use has been associated with side effects including appetite reduction, dizziness, skin rash, and hair loss. A published case report (Pan et al., 2001) documented severe but reversible bone marrow suppression in a patient with cholangiocarcinoma who took Selaginella doederleinii as an alternative anticancer treatment. The active biflavonoids (especially amentoflavone and delicaflavone) have demonstrated cytotoxic activity, which underpins both the anticancer potential and the risk of toxicity at high or prolonged dosage. Combining with Spleen-strengthening herbs can mitigate the gastrointestinal side effects. In vitro studies show that the ethyl acetate extract can inhibit several human CYP450 enzyme isoforms, suggesting potential for herb-drug interactions when used alongside pharmaceutical medications.

Contraindications

Avoid

Pregnancy. Shi Shang Bai has blood-moving (activating) properties that could stimulate uterine activity and potentially harm the fetus.

Caution

Spleen and Stomach deficiency with cold. This herb is cool in nature and may worsen digestive weakness, loose stools, or poor appetite in people with underlying Spleen-Stomach cold deficiency.

Caution

Prolonged high-dose use without supervision. Extended use at high doses has been associated with appetite reduction, dizziness, skin rash, and hair loss. A case report documented severe reversible bone marrow suppression in a patient using it as an alternative anticancer treatment.

Caution

Concurrent use with cytotoxic chemotherapy without practitioner guidance, due to potential additive bone marrow suppressive effects and CYP450 enzyme interactions.

Special Populations

Pregnancy

Contraindicated during pregnancy. Shi Shang Bai has blood-activating (huo xue) properties and contains bioactive biflavonoids with cytotoxic activity. These actions pose a risk of uterine stimulation and potential harm to fetal development. The herb should be strictly avoided throughout pregnancy.

Breastfeeding

Insufficient safety data is available for use during breastfeeding. Given the herb's cytotoxic biflavonoid content and the documented potential for bone marrow suppression at high doses, it is prudent to avoid use during breastfeeding unless specifically prescribed by a qualified practitioner. There is no established data on whether active compounds transfer into breast milk.

Pediatric Use

No specific pediatric dosage guidelines are established for Shi Shang Bai. Given the herb's cytotoxic biflavonoid content and the documented case of bone marrow suppression in adults, use in children should be approached with great caution and only under the direction of a qualified practitioner. If used, dosage should be significantly reduced from the adult range, proportional to body weight and age.

Drug Interactions

In vitro research has demonstrated that the ethyl acetate extract of S. doederleinii and several of its key active compounds (amentoflavone, palmatine, apigenin, delicaflavone) can inhibit multiple human CYP450 enzyme isoforms. This suggests a potential for clinically significant herb-drug interactions when Shi Shang Bai is taken alongside pharmaceutical drugs that are metabolised by these enzymes, including many common medications.

Of particular concern is concurrent use with cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, where additive bone marrow suppression is theoretically possible. A case of severe reversible bone marrow suppression has been documented in a cancer patient taking this herb. Patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications should also exercise caution, as the herb has blood-activating properties that could theoretically enhance bleeding risk.

Dietary Advice

When taking Shi Shang Bai, avoid excessively cold and raw foods, as the herb is already cool in nature and further cold foods may burden the Spleen and Stomach, leading to digestive discomfort. Lean protein (such as pork) can be added to decoctions to help moderate the herb's cooling property and support the body during treatment. Avoid alcohol during use, particularly if the herb is being taken for cancer support or inflammatory conditions.

Cautions & Warnings

Although this formula is typically safe for most individuals, it may cause side effects in some people. Pregnant women, nursing mothers, postpartum women, and those with liver disease should use the formula with caution.

As with any Chinese herbal remedy, it is advisable to seek guidance from a qualified TCM practitioner before beginning treatment.